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Emerging resistant microbiota from an acidic soil exposed to toxicity of Cr, Cd and Pb is mainly influenced by the bioavailability of these metals

  • SOILS, SEC 5 • SOIL AND LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY • RESEARCH ARTICLE
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Abstract

Purpose

The effect of pollutants in soil microorganisms is an important issue in order to understand their toxic effects in the environment, as well as for developing adequate bioremediation strategies. In this sense, the main objective of this study was to assess the involvement of the indigenous microbiota of an acidic forest Mediterranean soil by artificial pollution with heavy metals, and to detect and isolate resistant microorganisms that could be useful for bioremediation.

Materials and methods

Samples from a previously unpolluted acidic forest soil were amended with Cr(VI), Cd(II) or Pb(II) at total amounts ranging from 0.1 to 5,000 mg kg−1. These soil microcosms were incubated under controlled laboratory conditions for 28 days. Soluble fractions of metals were determined from aqueous extracts. Both activity and composition of the microbial community were assessed, respectively, by respirometric assays and molecular analysis (polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis). The isolation of metal-resistant microorganisms was attempted by culture plating from microcosms incubated with high concentrations of metals. Isolated strains were tested in cultures with minimal medium to check for their metal resistance and their capacity to reduce the presence of toxic Cr(VI).

Results and discussion

A decrease in the soil respirometric activity and changes in the microbial community composition were detected from 10/100 mg kg−1 Cr and 1,000 mg kg−1 Cd and Pb. Presumably resistant bacterial and fungal populations developed in most of these polluted microcosms; however, the microbiota was severely impaired at the highest additions of Cr. Even though Cr was the most damaging metal in soil microcosms, if the soluble fractions of metals are considered instead of their total added amounts, the comparison among their toxic effects suggests a similar potential toxicity of Cr and Pb. Isolated multiresistant microorganisms were related mainly to Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Ascomycota. Some of them showed the capacity to reduce Cr(VI) concentrations between 54 % and 70 % of the initial value. These strains were affiliated to several species of Streptomyces and Bacillus.

Conclusions

The combination of respirometric assays with molecular methods has been useful to assess the effect of metals on the soil microbial community, which can greatly be explained by their differential bioavailability. Cultivation-dependent and -independent approaches have proved the presence and development of multiresistant microorganisms in a previously unpolluted soil. Due to their properties, some of the isolated strains are potentially useful for soil bioremediation.

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Acknowledgement

This work has been supported by the Spanish Government, Projects REN 2003-09513-C02-01 and CGL 2009-08338/BOS.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Group of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Avda Montilivi s/n, 17071, Girona, Spain

    Joan Cáliz, Genoveva Montserrat & Xavier Vila

  2. Laboratori d’Edafologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain

    Esther Martí & Jordi Sierra

  3. IMAR–CMA, University of Coimbra, 3001-401, Coimbra, Portugal

    Ana Paula Chung & Paula Vasconcelos Morais

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  1. Joan Cáliz
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  2. Genoveva Montserrat
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  4. Jordi Sierra
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  6. Paula Vasconcelos Morais
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Correspondence to Genoveva Montserrat.

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Cáliz, J., Montserrat, G., Martí, E. et al. Emerging resistant microbiota from an acidic soil exposed to toxicity of Cr, Cd and Pb is mainly influenced by the bioavailability of these metals. J Soils Sediments 13, 413–428 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-012-0609-7

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