Abstract
Assessing the health risks of sensitive population, such as children and teenagers, through multiple exposure routes (MERs) such as ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact is critical for policy creation that protects or reduces exposure to pollutants for all populations. Heavy metal (HM) contents in food and environmental media in Beijing, capital of China, were collected. Furthermore, on the basis of considering the bioavailability of HMs, we evaluated the multiple environmental routes and health risks to HMs in children and teenagers of eight age groups (2–<3, 3–<4, 4–<5, 5–<6, 6–<9, 9–<12, 12–<15, and 15–<18) in Beijing, China by Monte Carlo simulation approach. The main findings are as follows: lead exposure in children aged 2–<3 years exceeds the exposure dose (0.3 μg·kg−1·d−1) of 0.5 point reduction in intelligence quotient. Moreover, children aged 2–<3 and 6–<9 years have relatively high non-carcinogenic risk (NCR) of 1.32 and 1.30, respectively. The carcinogenic risk (CR) for children aged 6–<9 and 9–<12 years is 2.73×10−6 and 2.39×10−6, respectively. Specifically, the contributions of oral ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation to the NCR were 69.5%, 18.9%, and 11.6%, respectively. Moreover, the combined NCR contributions of copper, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic (As) were about 69.4%. The contributions of the above three routes to the CR were 93.4%, 4.1%, and 2.5%, in that order, with the largest CR contribution of As being about 92.0%. This study can provide new ideas for accurately assessing the exposure and health risks of HMs in the population, and we believe that it is necessary to update the national standards for food and soil based on the bioavailability of HMs.
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Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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This study was supported by the Program for scientific research start-up funds of Guangdong Ocean University (060302122305) and Postdoctoral Research Fund in Shenzhen (04070100016).
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ZD: idea, software, methodology, writing—original draft preparation, reviewing and editing; ZT & YY: investigation, reviewing and editing; JW: supervision, conceptualization, methodology, writing—original draft preparation, reviewing and editing; YM & JC: formal analysis; ZS & KC: data curation
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Du, Z., Tian, Z., Yin, Y. et al. Bioavailability-based risk assessment of various heavy metals via multi-exposure routes for children and teenagers in Beijing, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 114985–115002 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30436-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30436-5