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A holistic review on the assessment of groundwater quality using multivariate statistical techniques

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Abstract

Water is an essential element in nature. It is used in drinking, irrigation, and industry mainly. Human health is directly linked to groundwater quality and is affected by poor groundwater quality caused by excessive fertilizer application and unhygienic circumstances. Because of increased pollution, investigating the water quality became a point of research for many researchers. There are numerous approaches to assessing water quality, and statistical methods are essential among them. This review paper discusses Multivariate Statistical Techniques, including Cluster Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Factor Analysis, Geographical Information System, and Analysis of Variance, to name a few. We have presented the significance of each method concisely and how it is being used. In addition, an extensive table is prepared to demonstrate the individual technique along with the computational tool, the type of water bodies, and their respective regions. The advantages and disadvantages of the statistical techniques are also discussed therein. It is found that Principal Component Analysis and Factor Analysis are widely explored techniques.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Department of Mathematics and Department of Chemical Engineering and School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University for the permission to publish this review.

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  1. Praharsh S. Patel, Dishant M. Pandya and Manan Shah are authors contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mathematics, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raisan, Gandhinagar, 382426, Gujarat, India

    Praharsh S. Patel & Dishant M. Pandya

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Energy Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raisan, Gandhinagar, 382426, Gujarat, India

    Manan Shah

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PP has drafted the manuscript and interpreted the data regarding the multivariate statistical techniques. DP performed an examination and modified the manuscript. MS contributed to the editing of the graphical as well as tabular content and reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Patel, P.S., Pandya, D.M. & Shah, M. A holistic review on the assessment of groundwater quality using multivariate statistical techniques. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 85046–85070 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27605-x

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