Abstract
Phytoextraction is currently investigated to effectively remediate soil contaminated by metals and provide highly competitive biomass for energy production. This research aimed to increase arsenic (As) removal from contaminated soil using industrial Cannabis sativa L., a suitable energy crop for biofuel production. Assisted phytoextraction experiments were conducted on a microcosm scale to explore the ability of two friendly treatments, sodium sulphate (SO4) and exogenous cytokinin (CK), in increasing As phytoextraction efficiency. The results showed that the treatments significantly increased As phytoextraction. Cytokinin was the most effective agent for effectively increasing translocation and the amount of As in aerial parts of C. sativa. In fact, the concentration of As in the shoots of CK-treated plants increased by 172% and 44% compared to untreated and SO4-treated plants, respectively. However, the increased As amount accumulated in C. sativa tissues due to the two treatments negatively affected plant growth. Arsenic toxicity caused a significant decrease in aerial C. sativa biomass treated with CK and SO4 of about 32.7% and 29.8% compared to untreated plants, respectively. However, for our research purposes, biomass reduction has been counterbalanced by an increase in As phytoextraction, such as to consider C. sativa and CK an effective combination for the remediation of As-contaminated soils. Considering that C. sativa has the suitable characteristics to provide valuable resources for bioenergy production, our work can help improve the implementation of a sustainable management model for As contaminated areas, such as phytoremediation coupled with bioenergy generation.
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The authors would like to thank Manuele Scatena for his valuable technical assistance.
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This research was carried out with the support of the Research & Technological Innovation Department of Eni S.p.A, San Donato Milanese (Italy), and funded by Syndial S.p.A. All activities were conducted at the Italian National Research Council, CNR Area in Pisa, Italy.
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Conceptualization: Meri Barbafieri and Gianniantonio Petruzzelli; Methodology: Meri Barbafieri, Gianniantonio Petruzzelli, and Francesca Pedron; Data curation: Martina Grifoni, Irene Rosellini, and Francesca Pedron; Formal analysis and investigation: Martina Grifoni and Irene Rosellini; Writing—original draft preparation: Martina Grifoni and Meri Barbafieri; Writing—review and editing: Martina Grifoni, Meri Barbafieri, Gianniantonio Petruzzelli, Elisabetta Franchi, and Francesca Pedron; Funding acquisition: Meri Barbafieri, Gianniantonio Petruzzelli, and Elisabetta Franchi; Supervision: Meri Barbafieri, Martina Grifoni, Gianniantonio Petruzzelli, and Elisabetta Franchi.
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Grifoni, M., Rosellini, I., Petruzzelli, G. et al. Application of sulphate and cytokinin in assisted arsenic phytoextraction by industrial Cannabis sativa L.. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 47294–47305 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14074-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14074-3