Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Greenhouse gas emission from rice fields: a review from Indian context

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Agricultural soil acts as a source and sink of important greenhouse gases (GHGs) like methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Rice paddies have been a major concern to scientific community, because they produce the threatening and long-lasting GHGs mainly CH4 and N2O. Around 30% and 11% of global agricultural CH4 and N2O, respectively, emitted from rice fields. Thus, it is urgent to concurrently quantify the fluxes of CH4 and N2O to improve understanding of both the gases from rice fields and to develop mitigation strategies for upcoming climate change reduction. An effort is being made in this review to discuss exclusively the emission of CH4 and N2O under normal and controlled conditions in different locations of India and also addresses the current synthesis of available data on how field and crop management activities influence CH4 and N2O emissions in rice fields. Making changes to conventional crop management regimes could have a significant impact on reducing GHG emissions from rice field. Environmental and agricultural factors related to soil could be easily altered by management practices. So, knowing the mechanism of CH4 and N2O production and release in the rice field and factors controlling the emissions is fundamental to develop well-organized strategies to reduce emissions from rice cultivated soil. This will help the regulatory bodies or policy makers to formulate adequate policies for agricultural farmers to refine the GHG emissions as well as minimize the global climate change.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdalla M, Jones M, Yeluripati J, Smith P, Burke J, Williams M (2010) Testing day cent and DNDC model simulations of N2O fluxes and assessing the impacts of climate change on the gas flux and biomass production from a humid pasture. Atmos Environ 44(25):2961–2970

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Achtnich C, Bak F, Conrad R (1995) Competition for electron donors among nitrate reducers, ferric iron reducers, sulfate reducers, and methanogens in anoxic paddy soil. Biol Fertil Soils 19(1):65–72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adhya TK, Rath AK, Gupta PK, Rao VR, Das SN, Parida KM, Parashar DC, Sethunathan N (1994) Methane emission from flooded rice fields under irrigated conditions. Biol Fertil Soils 18:245–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adhya TK, Bharati K, Mohanty SR, Ramakrishnan B, Rao VR, Sethunathan N, Wassmann R (2000) Methane emission from rice fields at cuttack, India. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 58:95–105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agricultural Statistics at a glance (2015) Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India, https://eands.dacnet.nic.in/PDF/Agricultural_Statistics_At_Glance-2015.pdf

  • Ahmad S, Li C, Dai G, Zhan M, Wang J, Pan S, Cao C (2009) Greenhouse gas emission from direct seeding paddy field under different rice tillage systems in central China. Soil Tillage Res 106:54–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akiyama H, Tsuruta H, Watanabe T (2000) N2O and NO emissions from soils after the application of different chemical fertilizers. Chemosphere 2(3-4):313–320

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ali MA, Inubushi K, Kim PJ, Amin S (2019) Management of paddy soil towards low greenhouse gas emissions and sustainable rice production in the changing climatic conditions. In Soil Contamination and Alternatives for Sustainable Development Intech Open:89–103

  • Aulakh MS, Doran JW, Mosier AR (1992) Soil denitrification significance, measurement, and effect of management. Adv Soil Sci 18:2–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Aulakh MS, Wassmann R, Bueno C, Rennenberg H (2001) Impact of root exudates of different cultivars and plant development stages of rice (Oryza sativa L.) on methane production in a paddy soil. Plant Soil 230(1):77–86

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Babu JY, Nayak DR, Adhya TK (2006) Potassium application reduces methane emission from a flooded field planted to rice. Biol Fertil Soils 42:532–554

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baggs EM, Rees RM, Smith KA, Vinten AJA (2000) Nitrous oxide emission from soils after incorporating crop residues. Soil Use Manag 16(2):82–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banger K, Tian H, Lu C (2012) Do nitrogen fertilizers stimulate or inhibit methane emissions from rice fields? Glob Chang Biol 18(10):3259–3267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baruah KK, Gogoi B, Gogoi P, Gupta PK (2010a) N2O emission in relation to plant and soil properties and yield of rice varieties. Argon Sustain Dev 30:733–742

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baruah KK, Gogoi B, Gogoi P (2010b) Plant physiological and soil characteristics associated with methane and nitrous oxide emission from rice paddy. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 16(1):79–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bharali A, Baruah KK, Gogoi N (2017) Methane emission from irrigated rice ecosystem: relationship with carbon fixation, partitioning and soil carbon storage. Paddy Water Environ 15:221–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bharati V, Kumar V, Mohanty S, Roy S (2020) Performance of rice-wheat cropping system under resource conservation and various nutrient management practices. Int J Conser Sci 8(3):2022–2026

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharyya P, Roy KS, Neogi S, Adhya TK, Rao KS, Manna MC (2012) Effects of rice straw and nitrogen fertilization on greenhouse gas emissions and carbon storage in tropical flooded soil planted with rice. Soil Tillage Res 124:119–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharyya P, Roy KS, Neogi S, Dash PK, Nayak AK, Mahonty S, Baig MJ, Sarkar PK, Rao KS (2013) Impact of elevated CO2 and temperature on soil C and N dynamics in relation to CH4 and N2O emissions from tropical flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.). Sci Total Environ 461–462:601–611

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharyya P, Dash PK, Swain CK, Padhy SR, Roy KS, Neogi S, Mohapatra T (2019) Mechanism of plant mediated methane emission in tropical lowland rice. Sci Total Environ 651:84–92

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatti DT (2014) Estimation of methane flux rate from paddy fields of South Gujarat Region (India). Int J Sci Technol Eng 1(5):29–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Borah L, Baruah KK (2015) Physiological and anatomical variations in three rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes for transport and emission of methane. Climate Chang Environ Sustain 3(1):58–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borah L, Baruah KK (2016) Effects of foliar application of plant growth hormone on methane emission from tropical rice paddy. Agric Ecosyst Environ 233:75–84

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bordoloi N, Baruah KK, Maji TK (2016) Nitrous oxide emission from transplanted rice field in alluvial soil as influenced by management of nitrogen fertilizer. Soil Use Manag 32:573–582

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bordoloi N, Baruah KK, Thakur AJ (2018) Effectiveness of plant growth regulators on emission reduction of greenhouse gas (nitrous oxide): an approach for cleaner environment. J Clean Prod 171:333–344

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bordoloi N, Baruah KK, Bhattacharyya P, Gupta PK (2019) Impact of nitrogen fertilization and tillage practices on nitrous oxide emission from a summer rice ecosystem. Arch Agron Soil Sci 65(11):1493–1506

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bordoloi N, Baruah KK, Hazarika B (2020) Fertilizer management through coated urea to mitigate greenhouse gas (N2O) emission and improve soil quality in agroclimatic zone of Northeast India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:11919–11931

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braker G, Conrad R (2011) Diversity, structure, and size of N2O–producing microbial communities in soils–what matters for their functioning? Adv Appl Microbiol 75:33–37

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brentrup F, Küsters J, Lammel J, Kuhlmann H (2000) Methods to estimate on–field nitrogen emissions from crop production as an input to LCA studies in the agricultural sector. Int J Life Cycle Assess 5(6):349

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhuary P, Chudhury SR, Das A, Mandal J, Ghosh M, Acharya S, Homa F (2020) Productivity, profitability and greenhouse gas emission from rice-wheat cropping system under different tillage and nitrogen management practices. Indian J Agric Res 54(3)

  • Chen ST, Huang Y, Zou JW (2008) Relationship between nitrous oxide emission and winter wheat production. Biol Fertil Soil, Berlin 44(7):985–989

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DAC (2014) Department of Agriculture and Cooperation annual report 2013–2014. Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. http: //agricoop.nic.in/. Accessed July 2015

  • Das S, Adhya TK (2014) Effect of combine application of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a tropical flooded soil planted to rice. Geoderma 213:185–192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das S, Ghosh A, Adhya TK (2011) Nitrous oxide and methane emission from a flooded rice field as influenced by separate and combined application of herbicides bensulfuron methyl and pretilachlor. Chemosphere 84:54–62

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Datta A, Adhya TK (2014) Effects of organic nitrification inhibitors on methane and nitrous oxide emission from tropical rice paddy. Atmos Environ 1(92):533–545

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Datta A, Santra SC, Adhya TK (2017) Environmental and economic opportunities of applications of different types and application methods of chemical fertilizer in rice paddy. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 107(3):413–431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davamani V, Parameswari E, Arulmani S (2020) Mitigation of methane gas emissions in flooded paddy soil through the utilization of methanotrophs. Sci Total Environ 726:138570

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeLuca TH, MacKenzie MD, Gundale MJ, Holben WE (2006) Wildfire-produced charcoal directly influences nitrogen cycling in forest ecosystems. Soil Sci Soc Am J 70:448–453

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2009) Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. OECD–FAO Agricultural Outlook. Rome, Italy, pp 2011–2030

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2016) FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy

    Google Scholar 

  • FAOSTAT (2011) FAOSTAT agricultural data. http: //faostat.fao.org

  • FAOSTAT (2012) FAO Statistics. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 352

  • FAOSTAT (2014) http: //faostat3.fao.org/home/E. Accessed April 2015

  • Feng J, Chen C, Zhang Y, Song Z, Deng A, Zheng C, Zhang W (2013) Impacts of cropping practices on yield–scaled greenhouse gas emissions from rice fields in China: a meta–analysis. Agric Ecosyst Environ 164:220–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferch NJ, Romheld V (2001) Release of water dissolved nitrous oxide by plants: does the transpiration water flow contribute to the emission of dissolved N2O by sunflower. In: Horst WJ et al (eds) Plant nutrition–food security and sustainability of agro–ecosystem. Kluwer academic publishers, Netherland, pp 228–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Gagnon B, Ziadi N, Rochette P, Chantigny MH, Angers DH (2011) Fertilizer source influenced nitrous oxide emissions from a clay soil under corn. Soil Sci Soc Am J 75:595–604

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galloway JN, Aber JD, Erisman JW, Seitzinger SP, Howarth RW, Cowling EB, Cosby BJ (2003) The nitrogen cascade. Bioscience 53:341–356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giacomini SJ, Jantalia CP, Aita C, Urquiaga SS, Alves BJR (2006) Nitrous oxide emissions following pig slurry application in soil under no–tillage system. Pesqui Agropecu Bras 41(11):1653–1661

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gogoi B, Baruah KK (2012) Nitrous oxide emission from field with different wheat and rice varieties. Pedosphere 22:112–121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gogoi N, Baruah KK, Gupta PK (2008) Selection of rice genotypes for lower methane emission. Agron Sustain Dev 28(2):181–186

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorh, Baruah (2019) Estimation of methane and nitrous oxide emission from wetland rice paddies with reference to global warming potential. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 26(16):16331–16344

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta PK, Sharma C, Bhattacharya S, Mitra AP (2002) Scientific basis for establishing country greenhouse gas estimates for rice–based agriculture: An Indian case study. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 64:19–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta PK, Gupta V, Sharma C, Das SN, Purkait N, Adhya TK, Pathak H, Ramesh R, Baruah KK, Venkatratnam L, Singh G, Iyer CSP (2009) Development of methane emission factors for Indian paddy fields and estimation of national methane budget. Chemosphere 74:590–598

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta DK, Bhatia A, Kumar A, Jain N, Tomer R, Malyan SK, Fegodiya PK, Dubey R, Pathak H (2016) Mitigation of greenhouse gas emission from rice–wheat system of the Indo–Gangetic plains: Through tillage, irrigation and fertilizer management. Agric Ecosyst Environ 230:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hadi A, Inubushi K, Yagi K (2010) Effect of water management on greenhouse gas emissions and microbial properties of paddy soils in Japan and Indonesia. Paddy Water Environ 8:319–324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes CD (2018) Methane feedback on atmospheric chemistry: methods, models, and mechanisms. J Adv Model Earth Syst 10:1087–1099

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hossain MB, Rahman M, Biswas JC et al (2017) Carbon mineralization and carbon dioxide emission from organic matter added soil under different temperature regimes. Int J Recycl Org Waste Agricult 6:311–319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain S, Peng S, Fahad S, Khaliq A, Huang J, Cui K, Nie L (2015) Rice management interventions to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(5):3342–3360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inubushi K, Sugii H, Nishino S, Nishino E (2001) Effect of aquatic weeds on methane emission from submerged paddy soil. Am J Bot 88(6):975–979

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (2013) Summary for policymakers. In ‘Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’. In: Stocker TF, Qi D, Plattner GK, Tignor MS, Allen K, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (2014) Climate change 2014: Synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the 5thAssessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, Pachauri RK, Meyer LA (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, p 151

    Google Scholar 

  • Islam SF, Sander BO, Quilty JR, de Neergaard A, van Groenigen JW, Jensen LS (2020) Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and reduced irrigation water use in rice production through water-saving irrigation scheduling, reduced tillage and fertiliser application strategies. Sci Total Environ 739:140215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain N, Pathak H, Mitra S, Bhatia A (2004) Emission of methane from rice fields—a review. J Sci Ind Res 63:101–115

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jayadeva HM, Prabhakara STK, Gowda RC, Devendra R, Mallikarjun GB, Bandi AG (2009) Methane emission as influenced by different crop establishment techniques and organic manures. Agric Sci Dig 29(4):241–245

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang C, Wang Y, Zheng X, Zhu B, Hung Y, Hao Q (2006) Methane and nitrous oxide emission from three paddy rice based cultivation systems in southwest China. Adv Atmos Sci 23:415–424

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kar B, Karmakar S, Saha G, Bhattacharya R (2019) Estimation of methane flux on rice field as influenced by plant climate under varied management practices. J Agromet 21:56–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Kar S, Pramanick B, Brahmachari K, Saha G, Mahapatra BS, Saha A, Kumar A (2021) Exploring the best tillage option in rice based diversified cropping systems in alluvial soil of eastern India. Soil Tillage Res 205:104761

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan MA, Zargar MY (2013) Experimental quantification of greenhouse gas (CH4) emissions from fertilizer amended rice field soils of Kashmir Himalayan Valley. J Environ Eng Ecol Sci 2(1):5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khosa MK, Sidhu BS, Benbi DK (2010) Effect of organic materials and rice cultivars on methane emission from rice field. J Environ Biol 31:281–285

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kritee K, Nair D, Zavala-Araiza D, Proville J, Rudek J, Adhya TK, Loecke T, Esteves T, Balireddygari S, Dava O, Ram K (2018) High nitrous oxide fluxes from rice indicate the need to manage water for both long–and short–term climate impacts. Proc Natl Acad Sci 115(39):9720–9725

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar K, Jain MC, Pathak H, Kumar S, Majumdar D (2000) Nitrous oxide emission from different fertilizers and its mitigation by nitrification inhibitors in irrigated rice. Biol Fertil Soils 32:474–478

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumarswamy S, Ramakrishnan B, Setunathan N (2001) Methane production and oxidation in an anoxic rice soil as influenced by inorganic redox species. J Environ Qual 30:2195–2201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li C, Kou Z, Yang J, Cai M, Wang J, Cao C (2010) Soil CO2 fluxes from direct seeding rice fields under two tillage practices in central China. Atmos Environ 44(23):2696–2704

  • Linquist BA, Adviento-Borbe MA, Pittelkow CM, Van Kessel C, Van Groenigen KJ (2012a) Fertilizer management practices and greenhouse gas emissions from rice systems: a quantitative review and analysis. Field Crop Res 135:10–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linquist BA, Van Groenigen KJ, Adviento-Borbe MA, Pittelkow C, Van Kessel C (2012b) An agronomic assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from major cereal crops. Glob Chang Biol 18(1):194–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Wan KY, Tao Y, Li ZG, Zhang GS, Li SL, Chen F (2013) Carbon dioxide flux from rice paddy soils in central China: effects of intermittent flooding and draining cycles. PLoS One 8(2):e56562

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu S, Zhang Y, Zong Y, Hu Z, Shuang W, Jie Z, Jin Y, Zou J (2016) Response of soil carbon dioxide fluxes, soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon to biochar amendment: a meta–analysis. GCB Bioenergy 8:392–340

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Mao PN, Li LH, Ma J (2019) Impact of biochar application on yield–scaled greenhouse gas intensity: a meta–analysis. Sci Total Environ 656:969–976

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lou Y, Inubushi K, Mizuno T, Hasegawa T, Lin Y, Sakai H, Kobayashi K (2008) CH4 emission with differences in atmospheric CO2 enrichment and rice cultivars in a Japanese paddy soil. Glob Chang Biol 14(11):2678–2687

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Majumdar D, Kumar S, Pathak H, Jain MC, Kumar U (2000) Reducing nitrous oxide emission from an irrigated rice field of North India with nitrification inhibitors. Agric Ecosyst Environ 81:163–169

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Majumdar D, Dutta A, Kumar S, Pathak H, Jain M (2001) Mitigation of N2O emission from an alluvial soil by application of karanjin. Biol Fertil Soils 33(5):438–442

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malla G, Bhatia A, Pathak H, Prasad S, Jain N, Singh J (2005) Mitigating nitrous oxide and methane emissions from soil in rice–wheat system of the Indo–Gangetic plain with nitrification and urease inhibitors. Chemosphere 58(2):141–147

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malyan SK, Bhatia A, Tomer R, Kumar O (2016) Impact of nitrogen fertilizers on methane emissions from flooded rice. Int J Sci Innovs 1(2):124–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Malyan SK, Bhatia A, Kumar SS, Fagodiya RK, Pugazhendhi A, Duc PA (2019) Mitigation of greenhouse gas intensity by supplementing with Azolla and moderating the dose of nitrogen fertilizer. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 20:101266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manjunath KR, Panigrahy S, Adhya TK, Beri V, Rao KV, Parihar JS (2011) Methane emission pattern of Indian rice–ecosystems. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 39:307–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitra AP (1992) Greenhouse gas emission in India: 1992 update. In Scientific Report No. 4. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research and Ministry of Environment and Forests New Delhi

  • MOEF (2018) India: Second Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,’ Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India

  • Mohanty SR, Nayak DR, Babu YJ, Adhya TK (2004) Butachlor inhibits production and oxidation of methane in tropical rice soils under flooded condition. Microbiol Res 159:193–201

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohanty S, Swain CK, Sethi SK, Dalai PC, Bhattachrayya P, Kumar A, Tripathi R, Shahid M, Panda BB, Kumar U, Lal B (2017) Crop establishment and nitrogen management affect greenhouse gas emission and biological activity in tropical rice production. Ecol Eng 104:80–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohanty S, Nayak AK, Swain CK, Dhal BR, Kumar A, Kumar U, Tripathi R, Shahid M, Behera KK (2020) Impact of integrated nutrient management options on GHG emission, N loss and N use efficiency of low land rice. Soil Tillage Res 1(200):104616

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myhre G, Shindell D, Breon F, Collins W et al (2013) Anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner GK, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Climate change, 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, pp 649–740

    Google Scholar 

  • Nayak DR, Adhya TK, Babu YJ, Datta A, Ramakrishnan B, Rao VR (2006) Methane emission from a flooded field of Eastern India as influenced by planting date and age of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. Agric Ecosyst Environ 115(1–4):79–87

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neue HU, Sass RL (1994) Rice cultivation and trace gas exchange. In: Prinn RG (ed) . Glob Atmos Bios Chem Plenum Press, New York, pp 119–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Norby RJ, Ledford J, Reilly CD, Miller NE, O'Neill EG (2004) Fine-root production dominates response of a deciduous forest to atmospheric CO2 enrichment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:9689–9693

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nozhevnikova AN, Nekrasova V, Ammann A, Zehnder AJ, Wehrli B, Holliger C (2007) Influence of temperature and high acetate concentrations on methanogenensis in lake sediment slurries. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 62(3):336–344

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Omonode RA, Vyn TJ, Smith DR, Hegymegi P, Ga A (2007) Soil carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from long–term tillage systems in continuous corn and corn–soybean rotations. Soil Tillage Res 95:182–195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oo AZ, Sudo S, Inubushi K, Mano M, Yamamoto A, Ono K, Osawa T, Hayashida S, Patra PK, Terao Y, Elayakumar P (2018a) Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from conventional and modified rice cultivation systems in South India. Agric Ecosyst Environ 15(252):148–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oo AZ, Sudo S, Inubushi K, Chellappan U, Yamamoto A, Ono K, Mano M, Hayashida S, Koothan V, Osawa T, Terao Y (2018b) Mitigation potential and yield-scaled global warming potential of early-season drainage from a rice paddy in Tamil Nadu, India. Agronomy 8(10):202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oo AZ, Sudo S, Fumoto T, Inubushi K, Ono K, Yamamoto A, Bellingrath-Kimura SD, Win KT, Umamageswari C, Bama KS, Raju M (2020) Field validation of the DNDC-rice model for methane and nitrous oxide emissions from double-cropping paddy rice under different irrigation practices in Tamil Nadu, India. Agriculture 10(8):355

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oorts K, Merckx R, Gréhan E, Labreuche J, Nicolardot B (2007) Determinants of annual fluxes of CO2 and N2O in long–term no–tillage and conventional tillage systems in northern France. Soil Tillage Res 95(1–2):133–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panchasara H, Samrat NH, Islam N (2021) Greenhouse gas emissions trends and mitigation measures in australian agriculture sector—a review. Agricul 11:85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey D, Agrawal M, Bohra JS (2012) Greenhouse gas emissions from rice crop with different tillage permutations in rice–wheat system. Agric Ecosyst Environ 159:133–144

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parashar DC, Mitra AP, Gupta PK, Rai J, Sharma RC, Singh N, Koul S, Ray HS, Das SN, Parida KM, Rao SB, Kanungo SP, Ramasami T, Nair BU, Swamy M, Singh G, Gupta SK, Singh AR, Saikia BK, Batua AKS, Pathak MG, Iyer CSP, Gopalakrishnan M, Sane PV, Singh SN, Banerjee R, Sethunathan N, Adhya TK, Rao VR, Palit P, Saha AK, Purkait NN, Chaturvedi GS, Sen SP, Sen M, Sarkar B, Banik A, Subbaraya BH, Lal S, Venkatramani S, Lal G, Chaudhary A, Sinha SK (1996) Methane budget from paddy fields in India. Chemosphere 33:737–757

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parashar DC, Gupta PK, Bhattacharya S (1997) Recent methane budget estimates from Indian rice paddy fields. Int J Radio Space Phys 26:237–243

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parthasarathi T, Vanitha K, Mohandass S, Vered E (2019) Mitigation of methane gas emission in rice by drip irrigation. F1000Research 8(2023):2023

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pathak H (1999) Emissions of nitrous oxide from soil. Curr Sci 3:359–369

    Google Scholar 

  • Pathak H (2015) Greenhouse gas emission from Indian agriculture: trends, drivers and mitigation strategies. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 81:1133–1149

    Google Scholar 

  • Pathak H, Bhatia A, Prasad S, Singh S, Kumar S, Jain MC, Kumar U (2002) Emission of nitrous oxide from rice–wheat systems of indo–gangetic plains of india. Environ Monit Assese 77:163–178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pathak H, Prasad S, Bhatia A, Singh S, Kumar S, Singh J, Jain MC (2003) Methane emission from rice–wheat cropping system in the Indo–Gangetic plain in relation to irrigation, farmyard manure and dicyandiamide application. Agric Ecosyst Environ 97(1–3):309–316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pathak H, Li C, Wassmann R (2005) Greenhouse gas emissions from Indian rice fields: calibration and upscaling using the DNDC model. Biogeosciences Discussions, European Geosciences Union 2(1):77–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Pathak H, Bhatia A, Jain N, Aggarwal PK (2010) Greenhouse gas emission and mitigation in Indian agriculture—a review. ING bulletins on regional assessment of reactive nitrogen, bulletin 19:1–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Pittelkow CM, Adviento-Borbe MA, Hill JE, Six J, Van Kessel C, Linquist BA (2013) Yield–scaled global warming potential of annual nitrous oxide and methane emissions from continuously flooded rice in response to nitrogen input. Agric Ecosyst Environ 177:10–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman MM (2013) Carbon dioxide emission from soil. Agric Res 2(2):132–139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajkishore SK, Doraisamy P, Subramanian KS, Maheswari M (2013) Methane emission patterns and their associated soil microfora with SRI and conventional systems of rice cultivation in Tamil Nadu, India. Taiwan Water Conserv 61(4):126–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravishankara AR, Daniel JS, Portmann RW (2009) Nitrous oxide (N2O): the dominant ozone–depleting substance emitted in the 21st century. Sci 326:123–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saha AK, Rai J, Raman V, Sharma RC, Parashar DC, Sen SP, Sarkar B (1989) Methane emission from inundated fields in monsoon region. Indian J Radio Space Phys 18:215–217

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saha G, Kar B, Karmakar S (2017) Methane and nitrous oxide emission from Kharif rice field as influenced by nutrients and moisture regimes in new alluvial agroclimatic region of West Bengal. Curr Sci 112:5–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salas W, Boles S, Li C, Yeluripati JB, Xiao X, Frolking S, Green P (2007) Mapping and modelling of greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddies with satellite radar observations and the DNDC biogeochemical model. Aquatic Conserv: Mar. Freshw Ecosyst 17:319–329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sapkota TB, Jat ML, Shankar V, Singh LK, Rai M, Grewal MS, Stirling CM (2015) Tillage, residue and nitrogen management effects on methane and nitrous oxide emission from rice–wheat system of Indian Northwest Indo–Gangetic Plains. J Integr Environ Sci 12(1):31–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sapkota TB, Singh LK, Yadav AK, Khatri-Chhetri A, Jat HS, Sharma PC, Jat ML, Stirling CM (2020) Identifying optimum rates of fertilizer nitrogen application to maximize economic return and minimize nitrous oxide emission from rice–wheat systems in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Archi Agro Soil Sci 66(14):2039–2054

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma UC, Sharma V (2018) Greenhouse gases emissions from agriculture sector in northeastern region of India. Acta Sci Microbiol 1(12):36–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Signor D, Cerri CEP (2013) Nitrous oxide emissions in agricultural soils: a review. Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 43(3):322–338

  • Singh A, Singh RS, Upadhyay SN, Joshi CJ, Tripathi AK, Dubey SK (2012) Community structure of methanogenicarchaea and methane production associated with compost–treated tropical rice–field soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 82(1):18–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh PP, Pawar R, Meena R (2017) A study of nitrous oxide emission from rice fields in Tarai Region of Uttarakhand, India. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 6(4):423–430

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith P, Martino D, Cai Z, Gwary D, Janzen H, Kumar P, McCarl B, Ogle SO, Mara F, Rice C, Scholes B, Sirotenko O (2007) Agriculture. In: Metz B, Davidson OR, Bosch PR, Dave R, Meyer LA (eds) Climate Change (2007) Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp 497–540

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder CS, Bruulsema TW, Jensen TL, Fixen PE (2009) Review of greenhouse gas emissions from crop production systems and fertilizer management effects. Agric Ecosyst Environ 133(3–4):247–266

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sudarmanian NS, Pazhanivelan S (2019) Estimation of methane emission from rice fields using static closed chamber technique in Tiruchirapalli District. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2:756–761

    Google Scholar 

  • Supprattanapan S, Saenjan P, Quantin C, Maeght JL, Grunberger O (2009) Salinity and organic amendment effects on methane emission from a rain-fed saline paddy field. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr 55:142–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tan IY, van Es HM, Duxbury JM, Melkonian JJ, Schindelbeck RR, Geohring LD, Hively WD, Moebius BN (2009) Single–event nitrous oxide losses under maize production as affected by soil type, tillage, rotation and fertilization. Soil Tillage Res 102(1):19–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson AJ, Giannopoulos G, Pretty J, Baggs EM, Richardson DJ (2012) Biological sources and sinks of nitrous oxide and strategies to mitigate emissions. Philos Trans R Soc B 367:1157–1168

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trost B, Prochnow A, Drastig K, Meyer-Aurich A, Ellmer F, Baumecker M (2013) Irrigation, soil organic carbon and N 2 O emissions. A review Agron Sustain Develop 33(4):733–749

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • US–EPA (1990) Overview of methane’s contribution to global warming. In: Methane Emission and Opportunities for Control. US–EPA/Air and Radiation, EPA 1400/9–90/ 007, pp 2–24, Washington

  • Wang C, Lai DY, Sardans J, Wang W, Zeng C, Peñuelas J (2017) Factors related with CH4 and N2O emissions from a paddy field: clues for management implications. PLoS One 12(1):0169254

    Google Scholar 

  • Wassmann R, Buendia LV, Lantin RS, Bueno CS, Lubigan LA, Umali A, Nocon NN, Javellana AM, Neue HU (2000a) Mechanisms of crop management impact on methane emissions from rice fields in Los Baños, Philippines. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 58(1–3):107–119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wassmann R, Lantin RS, Neue HU, Buendia LV, Corton TM, Lu Y (2000b) Characterization of methane emissions from rice fields in Asia. III. Mitigation options and future research needs. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 58(1–3):23–36

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao Y, Yang S, Xu J, Ding J, Sun X, Jiang Z (2018) Effect of biochar amendment on methane emissions from paddy field under water–saving irrigation. Sustain 10(5):1371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xie JF, Li YE (2002) A review of studies on mechanism of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and its affecting factors in arable soils. Chin Agric Meteorol 23:47–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Xing GX, Cao YC, Shi SL, Sun GQ, Du LJ, Zhu JG (2002) Denitrification in underground saturated soil in a rice paddy region. Soil Biol Biochem 34:1593–1598

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xing GX, Zhao X, Xiong ZQ, Yan XY, Xua H, Xie YX, Shi SL (2009) Nitrous oxide emission from paddy fields in China. Acta Ecol Sin 29:45–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu X, Boeckx P, Cleemput OV, Zhou L (2002) Urease and nitrification inhibitors to reduce emissions of CH4 and N2O in rice production. NutrCyclAgroecosys 64:203–211

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yagi K, Tsuruta H, Minami K (1997) Possible options for mitigating methane emission from rice cultivation. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 49(1):213–220

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yan X, Du Shi SL, Xing G (2000) Pathways of N2O emission from rice paddy soil. Soil Biol Biochem 32:437–440

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang SH, Ya'nan X, Sun X, Ding J, Jiang ZW, Xu JZ (2019) Biochar improved rice yield and mitigated CH4 and N2O emissions from paddy field under controlled irrigation in the Taihu Lake region of China. Atmos Environ 200:6977

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yao Z, Zheng X, Dong H, Wang R, Mei B, Zhu J (2012) A 3–year record of N2O and CH4 emissions from a sandy loam paddy during rice seasons as affected by different nitrogen application rates. Agric Ecosyst Environ 152:1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang A, Cui L, Pan G, Li L, Hussain Q, Zhang X, Zheng J, Crowley D (2010) Effect of biochar amendment on yield and methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice paddy from Tai Lake plain, China. Agric Ecosyst Environ 139:469–475

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang HL, Bai XL, Xue JF, Chen ZD, Tang HM, Chen F (2013) Emissions of CH4 and N2O under different tillage systems from double–cropped paddy fields in Southern China. PLoS One 8:e65277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao X, Min J, Wang S, Shi W, Xing G (2011) Further understanding of nitrous oxide emission from paddy fields under rice/wheat rotation in south China. J Geophys Res Biogeosci 116(G2)

  • Zheng X, Wang M, Wang Y, Shen R, Gou J, Li J, Jin J, Li L (2000) Impacts of soil moisture on nitrous oxide emission from croplands: a case study on the rice-based agro-ecosystem in Southeast China. Chemosphere Global Change Sci 2(2):207–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

All the authors are grateful to SERB (File No. EEQ/2018/000125), GOI, New Delhi, India, for financial support and Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi, India, for facilitating and supporting the activities.

Availability of data and materials

All data analyzed during this study are included in this published.

Funding

SERB, GOI, New Delhi, India

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi, 835205, India

    Khushboo Gupta, Raushan Kumar, Susmita Karmakar & Nirmali Bordoloi

  2. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Royal Global University, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India

    Kushal Kumar Baruah

  3. ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Guwahati, Meghalaya, 793103, India

    Samarendra Hazarika

Authors
  1. Khushboo Gupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Raushan Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kushal Kumar Baruah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Samarendra Hazarika
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Susmita Karmakar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Nirmali Bordoloi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Khushboo Gupta (Investigation, Writing — original draft), Raushan Kumar (Investigation, Formal analysis, Visualization), Kushal Kumar Baruah (Resources), Samarendra Hazarika, (Resources), Susmita Karmakar (Resources), Nirmali Bordoloi (Writing — review & editing)

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nirmali Bordoloi.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable

Consent for publication

Not applicable

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gupta, K., Kumar, R., Baruah, K.K. et al. Greenhouse gas emission from rice fields: a review from Indian context. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 30551–30572 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13935-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13935-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation