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Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Mitigation Strategies in Rice Production Systems

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Global Agricultural Production: Resilience to Climate Change

Abstract

Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are the two critical greenhouse gases (GHGs) that absorb radiation, affect atmospheric chemistry, and contribute to global climate change. Rice being the second largest cultivated food crop around the world is also a leading anthropogenic source of GHG emissions from agriculture sector. It accounts for 18% CH4 and 11% N2O emissions of the total agricultural GHG additions. In the face of rising population, rice production is estimated to be increased by 40% in 2030 along with higher CH4 and N2O release to the atmosphere which needs to be reduced on priority basis. We attempted to develop a mechanistic understanding on CH4 and N2O production from rice fields and different factors influencing their emission. It has been found that modifications in traditional crop cultivation practices manifested enormous potential to minimize GHG emissions from rice fields. However changes in the existing management practices can simultaneously influence more than one gas, and their effects may be opposite. After assessing the possible mitigation options to abate CH4 and N2O emissions, it has been found that modifying irrigation and tillage practices, improving fertilizer management, using low-emitting rice varieties, incorporation of fermented cow dung and leaf manures, addition of nitrification inhibitors, and slow-release fertilizers manifested great potential to abate methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Incorporation of biochar, straw compost, and straw ash could have better results in curtailing GHG emissions compared to direct straw additions. Adoption of these proposed mitigation options singly or in combination is likely to minimize GHG emissions and helpful in sustainable rice production. However successful execution of these practices at farmer’s level demands the removal of all social, economic, educational, and political barriers.

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Abbreviations

AFOLU:

Agriculture, forestry, and other land use

CH4:

Methane

CO2:

Carbon dioxide

FAO:

Food and Agriculture Organization

GHG:

Greenhouse gas

GWP:

Global warming potential

IPCC:

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IRRI:

International Rice Research Institute

N2O:

Nitrous oxide

RFESs:

Rice field ecosystems

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China

    Zeeshan Ahmed, Dongwei Gui & Muhammad Shareef

  2. Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystem, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinjiang, China

    Zeeshan Ahmed, Dongwei Gui & Muhammad Shareef

  3. Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Saitne-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada

    Zhiming Qi

  4. College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, Henan, China

    Junhe Liu

  5. College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

    Abid Ali

  6. Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Abid Ali

  7. Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China

    Ghulam Murtaza

  8. Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

    Rana Nauman Shabbir & Shakeel Ahmad

  9. Agronomy Section, Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan, Pakistan

    Muhammad Tariq

  10. Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan

    Sadia Zafar

  11. Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Saadullah Khan

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  1. Zeeshan Ahmed
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  2. Dongwei Gui
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  12. Shakeel Ahmad
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Correspondence to Shakeel Ahmad .

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  1. Department of Agronomy, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Mukhtar Ahmed

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Ahmed, Z. et al. (2022). Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Mitigation Strategies in Rice Production Systems. In: Ahmed, M. (eds) Global Agricultural Production: Resilience to Climate Change . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14973-3_8

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