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Eugenol attenuates TiO2 nanoparticles-induced oxidative damage, biochemical toxicity and DNA damage in Wistar rats: an in vivo study

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Abstract

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are widely used in food, edible dyes, and other commercial products. Human exposure to TiO2 NPs has raised concerns regarding their toxic potential. Various studies have evaluated the TiO2 NPs-induced toxicity, oxidative damage to the cellular components, and genotoxicity. In the present study, we examined whether co-treatment with the dietary antioxidant eugenol can attenuate or protect against TiO2 NPs-induced toxicity. We exposed the adult male Wistar rats to TiO2 NPs (150 mg/kg body weight) by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) either alone or as co-treatment with eugenol (1-10 mg/kg body weight) once a day for 14 days. The untreated rats were supplied saline and served as control. Titanium (Ti) accumulation in various tissues was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Serum levels of liver and kidney biomarkers and oxidative stress markers in the liver, kidney, and spleen were determined. A significant increase in hydrogen peroxide level confirmed that oxidative stress occurred in these tissues. TiO2 NPs induced oxidation of lipids, and decreased glutathione level and antioxidant enzyme activity in the kidney, liver, and spleen of treated rats. TiO2 NPs also increased the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, albumin, and total cholesterol and decreased the blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, and total bilirubin in serum, which indicates oxidative damage to the liver and kidney. In eugenol and TiO2 NPs co-treated rats, all these changes were mitigated. Single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) of lymphocytes showed longer comet tail length in TiO2 NPs-treated groups, indicating DNA damage while tail length was reduced in eugenol and TiO2 NPs co-treated groups. Thus, it seems that eugenol can be used as a chemoprotective agent against TiO2 NPs-induced toxicity.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgments

M.R.W is the recipient of DST INSPIRE Fellowship from the Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi. The authors thank University Sophisticated Instrument Facility (USIF), AMU, Aligarh, for SEM and SAIF, Panjab University Chandigarh for XRD analysis. We also wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for their useful comments and suggestions that helped to improve the quality of this paper.

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  1. Cytogenetics and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India

    Mohammad Rafiq Wani & Ghulam Shadab

  2. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India

    Nikhil Maheshwari

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MRW and GGHAS conceived and designed the work and performed data analysis. MRW and NM performed the experiments and wrote the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Ghulam Shadab.

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Wani, M.R., Maheshwari, N. & Shadab, G. Eugenol attenuates TiO2 nanoparticles-induced oxidative damage, biochemical toxicity and DNA damage in Wistar rats: an in vivo study. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 22664–22678 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12139-3

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