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Iron and manganese present in underground water promote biochemical, genotoxic, and behavioral alterations in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

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Abstract

Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) are metals commonly found at high concentrations in underground water. These metals are essential for the good functioning of living organisms, but high concentrations lead to imbalance, potentiating the appearance of pathologies. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of exposure to naturally occurring metals in groundwater, using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an experimental model. Thus, zebrafish were exposed to Fe (0.8 and 1.3 mg/L), Mn (0.2 and 0.4 mg/L), and groundwater collected from deep tube wells with Fe and Mn (Fe 0.8/Mn 0.2 mg/L and Fe 1.3/Mn 0.4 mg/L) for 30 days. Bioaccumulation of these metals has been demonstrated in the livers and muscles of zebrafish. Acetylcholinesterase activity changed only in zebrafish muscles in all groups. Sulfhydryl levels changed mainly in the group Mn 0.4. SOD/CAT ratio decreased in the groups Fe 0.8 and 1.3, Mn 0.4, and Fe 0.8/Mn 0.4. An increase in the frequency of micronucleus in all groups was shown as a consequence of these changes. Behavioral parameters (time and distance traveled, mean speed, turn angle, latency, and number of crossings between compartments) have also changed, mainly in the groups Fe 1.3, Mn 0.4, and Fe 1.3/Mn 0.4. Therefore, long-term exposure to Fe and Mn, even at not so high concentrations, may cause biochemical, genotoxic, and behavioral changes in zebrafish.

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Acknowledgments

We really appreciate the help provided by the company Leão Poços Artesianos to collect groundwater.

Funding

This work was supported by the Research Project Rede Guarani Serra Geral (CTHidro/ANA/CNPq/FAPESC), FAPESC/CAPES (Public Call 05/2015), PIBIC/CNPq (Notice 070/REITORIA/2016 and 040/Reitoria/2017), and Unochapecó.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Avenida Senador Atílio Fontana, 591E, Bairro Efapi, Chapecó, SC, 89809-000, Brazil

    Katiuska Marins, Adrieli Sachett, Monica Santin Zanatta Schindler, Rafael Chitolina, Alissara Regginato, Anna Maria Siebel, Jacir Dal Magro & Leila Zanatta

  2. Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Região de Chapecó, Avenida Senador Atílio Fontana, 591E, Chapecó, SC, 89809-000, Brazil

    Luan Marcos Valentini Lazzarotto, Gabrielle Boschetti, Kanandra Taisa Bertoncello & Ana Paula Zanatta

  3. Laboratório de Genética e Ecotoxicologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Avenida Senador Atílio Fontana, 591E, Chapecó, SC, 89809-000, Brazil

    Anna Maria Siebel

  4. Curso de Enfermagem, Centro de Educação Superior do Oeste, Rua Sete de Setembro, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 190D, Chapecó, SC, 89801140, Brazil

    Leila Zanatta

Authors
  1. Katiuska Marins
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  2. Luan Marcos Valentini Lazzarotto
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  3. Gabrielle Boschetti
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  4. Kanandra Taisa Bertoncello
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  5. Adrieli Sachett
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  6. Monica Santin Zanatta Schindler
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  7. Rafael Chitolina
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  8. Alissara Regginato
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  9. Ana Paula Zanatta
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  10. Anna Maria Siebel
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  11. Jacir Dal Magro
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  12. Leila Zanatta
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Contributions

All authors contributed substantially to the work reported. KM and LZ conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the paper; LMVL, GB, KB, AS, MZS, RC, AL, and APZ performed the experiments; AMS and JD contributed with materials and analysis tools.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Leila Zanatta.

Ethics declarations

The zebrafish were used and preserved according to the National Institute of Health Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. The Ethics Committee of Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó (Unochapecó) approved the protocol under the number 005/2016.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

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Responsible editor: Cinta Porte

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Marins, K., Lazzarotto, L.M.V., Boschetti, G. et al. Iron and manganese present in underground water promote biochemical, genotoxic, and behavioral alterations in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 23555–23570 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05621-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05621-0

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