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Endophytic insect pathogenic fungi-host plant-herbivore mutualism: elucidating the mechanisms involved in the tripartite interactions

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Abstract

Various techniques used by crop plants to evade insect pests and pathogen attacks have been documented. Among these, plant defense strategies induced by endophytic insect pathogenic fungi are arguably one of the most discussed. Endophytic fungi frequently colonize plants and inhabit their internal tissues for a portion of their lifespan without producing visible symptoms of the disease. This phenomenon is widespread and diverse in both natural and agricultural ecosystems, and is present in almost all plant organs. Many fungi can obtain nutrients by infecting and killing insects, and this ability has been developed numerous times in different fungal lineages. These species mainly consist of those in the order Hypocreales (Ascomycota), where the generalist insect pathogens, Beauveria sp. (Cordycipitaceae) and Metarhizium sp. (Clavicipitaceae) are two of the most studied endophytic entomopathogenic fungal genera. However, most fungi that kill insects do not survive in the tissues of living plants. The data published thus far show a high degree of variability and do not provide consistent explanations for the underlying mechanisms that may be responsible for these effects. This implies that available knowledge regarding the colonization of plant tissues by endophytic insect pathogenic fungi, the effects of colonization on plant metabolism, and how this contributes to a decrease in herbivore and pathogens damage is limited. To adequately utilize fungal-based products as biological control agents, these products must be effective and the reduction of pests and infection must be consistent and similar to that of chemical insecticides after application. This article discusses this possibility and highlights the benefits and the specific techniques utilized by endophytically challenged plants in invading insect pests and disease pathogens.

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Funding

We acknowledge funding support received through Research Fund for International Young Scientists (32150410344), a research grant awarded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China

    Bamisope Steve Bamisile & Yijuan Xu

  2. Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, 512005, China

    Bamisope Steve Bamisile

  3. College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China

    Oluwatoyin Grace Afolabi

  4. College of Agriculture, College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China

    Junaid Ali Siddiqui

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BB and OA designed the review outline. BB, OA, and JS wrote the manuscript. YX reviewed the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Yijuan Xu.

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Bamisile, B.S., Afolabi, O.G., Siddiqui, J.A. et al. Endophytic insect pathogenic fungi-host plant-herbivore mutualism: elucidating the mechanisms involved in the tripartite interactions. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 39, 326 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03780-4

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