Abstract
We have discovered, using developed by us recently FALDI and FAMSEC computational techniques, fundamentally distinct mechanisms of intramolecular red- and blue-shifted H-bond formation that occurred in different conformers of the same molecule (amino-acid β-alanine) involving the same heteroatoms (O–H⋅⋅⋅N and N–H⋅⋅⋅O). Quantitative topological, geometric and energetic data of both H-bonds obtained with well-known QTAIM and IQA methodologies agree with what is known regarding H-bonding in general. However, the FALDI charge and decomposition scheme for calculating in real space 3D conformational deformation densities provided clear evidence that the process of electron density redistribution taking place on the formation of the stronger red-shifted H-bond is fundamentally distinct from the weaker blue-shifted H-bond. Contributions made by atoms of the X–H⋅⋅⋅Y–Z fragment (IUPAC notation) as well as distinct atoms on the H-bond formation were fully explored. The FAMSEC energy decomposition approach showed that the atoms involved in formation of the red-shifted H-bond interact in a fundamentally different fashion, both locally and with the remainder of the molecule, as compared with those of the blue-shifted H-bond. Excellent correlations of trends obtained with QTAIM, IQA, FAMSEC and FALDI techniques were obtained. Commentary regarding IUPAC recommended definition of an H-bond and validity of observed AILs (or bond paths) of the two H-bond kinds is also discussed.
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Notes
The IUPAC recommendation to depict classical (intra- and intermoleculear) H-bonding is symbolically represented as a series of four chemically–bonded atoms X–H···Y–Z
LEC is also the lowest energy conformer (global energy minimum structure) of β–alanine (MP2 level).
vdW radii taken as H = 1.20 Å, N = 1.55 Å and O = 1.52 Å [74].
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Acknowledgments
This work is based on the research supported in part by the National Research Foundation of South Africa (Grant Number 105855).
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This paper is dedicated to Professor Lou Massa on the occasion of his Festschrift: A Path through Quantum Crystallography.
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Cukrowski, I., van Niekerk, D.M.E. & de Lange, J.H. Exploring fundamental differences between red- and blue-shifted intramolecular hydrogen bonds using FAMSEC, FALDI, IQA and QTAIM. Struct Chem 28, 1429–1444 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11224-017-0956-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11224-017-0956-5