Abstract
As compared to C3, C4 plants have higher photosynthetic rates and better tolerance to high temperature and drought. These traits are highly beneficial in the current scenario of global warming. Interestingly, all the genes of the C4 photosynthetic pathway are present in C3 plants, although they are involved in diverse non-photosynthetic functions. Non-photosynthetic isoforms of carbonic anhydrase (CA), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), the decarboxylating enzymes NAD/NADP-malic enzyme (NAD/NADP-ME), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and finally pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) catalyze reactions that are essential for major plant metabolism pathways, such as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, maintenance of cellular pH, uptake of nutrients and their assimilation. Consistent with this view differential expression pattern of these non-photosynthetic C3 isoforms has been observed in different tissues across the plant developmental stages, such as germination, grain filling, and leaf senescence. Also abundance of these C3 isoforms is increased considerably in response to environmental fluctuations particularly during abiotic stress. Here we review the vital roles played by C3 isoforms of C4 enzymes and the probable mechanisms by which they help plants in acclimation to adverse growth conditions. Further, their potential applications to increase the agronomic trait value of C3 crops is discussed.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by research Grants No. DST-SERB-EMR/2016/004976 and BT/PR11896/BPA/118/3/2014 from the Govt. of India to BCT. Jitender Singh acknowledges the CSIR-SRA fellowship no. 13(9101-A)/2019-pool, from Government of India. The authors are also thankful to International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) and National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi for administrative support. The authors sincerely thank Prof. Govindjee, Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA for critical reading and technical editing of the manuscript.
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Singh, J., Garai, S., Das, S. et al. Role of C4 photosynthetic enzyme isoforms in C3 plants and their potential applications in improving agronomic traits in crops. Photosynth Res 154, 233–258 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-022-00978-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-022-00978-9