Abstract
Plant cell wall-derived oligosaccharides, i.e., damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), could be generated after pathogen attack or during normal plant development, perceived by cell wall receptors, and can alter immunity and cell wall composition. Therefore, we hypothesised that xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) could act as an elicitor and trigger immune responses. To test this, we treated Arabidopsis with xylobiose (XB) and investigated different parameters. XB-treatment significantly triggered the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activated MAPK protein phosphorylation, and induced callose deposition. The combination of XB (DAMP) and flg22 a microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) further enhanced ROS response and gene expression of PTI marker genes. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that more genes were differentially regulated after 30 min compared to 24 h XB-treated leaves, which correlated with ROS response. Increased xylosidase activity and soluble xylose level after 30 min and 3 h of XB-treatment were observed which might have weakened the DAMP response. However, an increase in total cell wall sugar and a decrease in uronic acid level was observed at both 30 min and 24 h. Additionally, arabinose, rhamnose, and xylose levels were increased in 30 min, and glucose was increased in 24 h compared to mock-treated leaves. The level of jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, auxin, and cytokinin were also affected after XB treatment. Overall, our data revealed that the shortest XOS can act as a DAMP, which triggers the PTI response and alters cell wall composition and hormone level.
Key message
Xylobiose treatment in Arabidopsis rosette leaf induces plant-triggered immunity (PTI) responses, alters cell wall polysaccharide composition and influences growth hormone levels.
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Data used or analysed in this manuscript are included in the manuscript, and further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
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Acknowledgements
Sugar composition and hormone analysis was performed at the Metabolomics Facility, National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi.
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BPD performed most of the experiments with help from other authors. AG performed standardisation of elicitor experiments. BPD and PM-AP wrote the manuscript with inputs from all the authors. PM-AP conceptualized and designed the research. All authors have read and agreed to publish the manuscript.
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Dewangan, B.P., Gupta, A., Sah, R.K. et al. Xylobiose treatment triggers a defense-related response and alters cell wall composition. Plant Mol Biol 113, 383–400 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-023-01391-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-023-01391-z