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Gene expression in prolactinomas: a systematic review

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Abstract

Introduction

Prolactinomas are the most common functional pituitary adenomas. Current classification systems rely on phenotypic elements and have few molecular markers for complementary classification. Treatment protocols for prolactinomas are also devoid of molecular targets, leaving those refractory to standard treatments without many options.

Methods

A systematic literature review was performed utilizing the PRISMA guidelines. We aimed to summarize prior research exploring gene and protein expression in prolactinomas in order to highlight molecular variations associated with tumor development, growth, and prolactin secretion. A PubMed search of select MeSH terms was performed to identify all studies reporting gene and protein expression findings in prolactinomas from 1990 to 2014.

Results

1392 abstracts were screened and 51 manuscripts were included in the analysis, yielding 54 upregulated and 95 downregulated genes measured by various direct and indirect analytical methods. Of the many genes identified, three upregulated (HMGA2, HST, SNAP25), and three downregulated (UGT2B7, Let7, miR-493) genes were selected for further analysis based on our subjective identification of strong potential targets.

Conclusions

Many significant genes have been identified and validated in prolactinomas and most have not been fully analyzed for therapeutic and diagnostic potential. These genes could become candidate molecular targets for biomarker development and precision drug targeting as well as catalyze deeper research efforts utilizing next generation profiling/sequencing techniques, particularly genome scale expression and epigenomic analyses.

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Acknowledgments

Dr. Carmichael has served as a consultant for Novartis and has received non-study-related clinical or research support from Novartis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 1200 North State St., Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA

    Justin Seltzer, Keiko Kang & Gabriel Zada

  2. Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    John D. Carmichael

  3. USC Pituitary Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Gabriel Zada & John D. Carmichael

  4. Zilka Neurogenetics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Gabriel Zada

  5. Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Thomas C. Scotton

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  1. Justin Seltzer
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  2. Thomas C. Scotton
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  3. Keiko Kang
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  4. Gabriel Zada
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  5. John D. Carmichael
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Correspondence to Justin Seltzer.

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The other authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials or methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.

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Seltzer, J., Scotton, T.C., Kang, K. et al. Gene expression in prolactinomas: a systematic review. Pituitary 19, 93–104 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-015-0674-1

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