Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A unique control strategy to improve the life cycle of the battery and to reduce the thermal runaway for electric vehicle applications

  • Published:
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper presents a unique thermal control strategy to improve the ageing of the battery and to maintain the internal temperature of the battery within the optimum limit of 20 °C–40 °C for electric vehicle (EV) applications. The hybrid EV system encompasses photovoltaic (PV) module, high power density device supercapacitor (SC) and high energy density Li-ion battery (LIB) as an energy storage element. The vehicle dynamics encounter frequent voltage fluctuations in the direct current (DC) bus, which ultimately reduces the lifecycle of the battery and also the heat is generated inside the battery when it is connected in parallel to the DC bus. The frequent charging/discharging of LIB is controlled by the unique thermal control strategy of the hybrid EV system. The DC bus voltage is controlled by the SC bi-directional converter (BDC) where, the battery BDC delivers the essential constant current from the main source (PV) to the DC bus. This unique thermal control strategy supports the distribution of power from the PV/LIB/SC hybrid source system to the EV and also improves the battery life cycle. Due to constant charging/discharging of battery the thermal runaway (TR) problem such as leak, smoke, gas venting, rapid disassembly, flames etc., can be eliminated. Decoupling of load power and battery power comprises the growth in the battery lifecycle and to maintain the optimum internal temperature of the LIB by conditional flow of current through hybrid thermal management system (HTMS). To certify the thermal control strategy and to estimate the performance of HTMS, a simulation of a hybrid source system with vehicle dynamics is performed in MATLAB/Simulink. Numerical analysis of the LIB during constant charging/discharging is performed using ANSYS fluent software to validate the temperature effect of HTMS.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

DC:

Direct current

EV:

Electric vehicle

PV:

Photovoltaic

LIB:

Lithium-ion battery

SC:

Supercapacitor

HTMS:

Hybrid thermal management system

HESE:

Hybrid energy storage element

BDC:

Bi-directional converter

EDLC:

Electrical double-layer capacitor

TR:

Thermal runaway

DOD:

Depth of discharge

SOC:

State of charge

DTDSM:

Dynamic temperature-dependent supercapacitor model

Rs (ESR):

Series resistance (Ω)

R 1 :

Leakage resistance (Ω)

R2, R3 :

Dynamic resistance of SC (Ω)

C2, C3 :

Dynamic capacitance of SC (F)

C 1 :

Temperature-dependent capacitance (F)

P d :

Usable specific power (W)

P max :

Usable maximum power (W)

A :

Initial constant value

T :

Temperature (K)

λ :

Growth constant

\(\sigma\) :

Electrical conductivity (Ωm)

\({j}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}}\) :

Volumetric current transfer rate (A m−3)

\({q}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{t}}^{.}\) :

Generation of heat by short circuit (W m−3)

Q Ah :

Capacity of battery (Ah

pv:

Photovoltaic

b:

Battery

sc:

Supercapacitor

References

  1. Maruthi Prasad R, Krishnamoorthy A. Design validation and analysis of the drive range enhancement and battery bank deration in electric vehicle integrated with split power solar source. Energy. 2019;172:106–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.01.116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Azizi I, Radjeai H. A new strategy for battery and supercapacitor energy management for an urban electric vehicle. Electr Eng. 2018;100:667–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-017-0535-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Thounthonga P, Raël S, Davat B. Energy management of fuel cell/battery/supercapacitor hybrid power source for vehicle applications. J Power Sources. 2009;193:376–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.12.120.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Carli G, Williamson SS. Technical considerations on power conversion for electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle battery charging in photovoltaic installations. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2013;28(12):5784–92. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2013.2260562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Vega-Garita V, Ramirez-Elizondo L, Narayan N. Integrating a photovoltaic storage system in one device: a critical review. Prog Photovolt Res Appl. 2019;27:346–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3093.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Maheswari L, Srinivasa Rao P, Sivakumaran N. A control strategy to enhance the life time of the battery in a stand-alone PV system with DC loads. IET Power Electron. 2017;10:1087–94. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2016.0735.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Taibi E, del Valle CF, Howells M. Strategies for solar and wind integration by leveraging flexibility from electric vehicles: the Barbados case study. Energy. 2018;164:65–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Wang Y-W, Jiang J-M, Chung Y-H, Chen W-C, Shu C-M. Forced-air cooling system for large-scale lithium-ion battery modules during charge and discharge processes. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2019;135:2891–901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7646-4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Liu G, Ouyang M, Lu L, Li J, Han X. Analysis of the heat generation of lithium-ion battery during charging and discharging considering different influencing factors. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2014;116(2):1001–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-013-3599-9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Zhong G, Mao B, Wang C, Jiang L, Xu K, Sun J, Wang Q. Thermal runaway and fire behavior investigation of lithium ion batteries using modified cone calorimeter. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2019;135:2879–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7599-7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Allègre A-L, Bouscayrol A, Trigui R. Flexible real-time control of a hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles. IET Electr Syst Transp. 2013;3:79–85. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-est.2012.0051.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Song Z, Hofmann H, Jianqiu L, et al. Energy management strategies comparison for electric vehicles with hybrid energy storage system. Appl Energy. 2014;134(12):321–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.035.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Mehrjerdi H, Bornapour M, Hemmati R. Unified energy management and load control in building equipped with wind-solar-battery incorporating electric and hydrogen vehicles under both connected to the grid and islanding modes. Energy. 2019;168:919–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.11.131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Afzal A, Mohammed Samee AD, Abdul Razak RK, Ramis MK. Effect of spacing on thermal performance characteristics of Li-ion battery cells. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2019;135(3):1797–811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7664-2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Guo Z, Xia Q, Yan P, Du Z. Study on critical ambient temperature of cylindrical battery. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2015;119(3):2141–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-014-4372-4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Wang Q, Zhao X, Ye J, Sun Q, Ping P, Sun J. Thermal response of lithium-ion battery during charging and discharging under adiabatic conditions. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2016;124(3):417–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-5100-4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Yang K, An JJ, Chen S. Temperature characterization analysis of LiFePO4/C power battery during charging and discharging. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2010;99:515–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-009-0623-1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Shen J, Khaligh A. A supervisory energy management control strategy in a battery/ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system. IEEE Trans Transp Electrif. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/TTE.2015.2464690.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Kouchachvili L, Yaïci W, Entchev E. Hybrid battery/supercapacitor energy storage system for the electric vehicles. J Power Sources. 2018;374:237–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.11.040.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Shin D, Poncino M, Macii E. Thermal management of batteries using supercapacitor hybrid architecture with idle period insertion strategy. IEEE Trans Very Large Scale Integr Syst. 2018;26(6):1159–70. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVLSI.2018.2818758.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Shin D, Poncino M, Macii E. Thermal management of batteries using a hybrid supercapacitor architecture. In: Design automation and test in Europe 2014. https://doi.org/10.7873/DATE.2014.344.

  22. Kiani M, Ansari M, Arshadi AA, Houshfar E, Ashjaee M. Hybrid thermal management of lithium-ion batteries using nanofluid, metal foam, and phase change material: an integrated numerical–experimental approach. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09403-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Rizk R, Louahlia H, Gualous H, Schaetzel P, Alcicek G. Experimental analysis on Li-ion battery local heat distribution. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2019;138:1557–711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09403-6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Panchal S, Dincer I, Agelin-Chaab M, Fraser R, Fowler M. Thermal modelling and validation of temperature distributions in a prismatic lithium-ion battery at different discharge rates and varying boundary conditions. Appl Therm Eng. 2016;96:190–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.11.019.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India

    L. Maheswari & N. Sivakumaran

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India

    K. R. Balasubramanian

  3. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India

    G. Saravana Ilango

Authors
  1. L. Maheswari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. N. Sivakumaran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. K. R. Balasubramanian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. G. Saravana Ilango
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to L. Maheswari.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Maheswari, L., Sivakumaran, N., Balasubramanian, K.R. et al. A unique control strategy to improve the life cycle of the battery and to reduce the thermal runaway for electric vehicle applications. J Therm Anal Calorim 141, 2541–2553 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09673-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09673-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation