Abstract
This study reports a comparison of thermal-oxidative vulcanized SBR degradation caused by Ultraviolet (UV) or Microwave (MW) irradiations. The surface modifications of the rubber samples were explored by instrumental techniques. The cross-linking degree of the rubber was determined via leaching method and the contact angles with water were measured at room temperature. By increasing the exposure time, the UV-treated v-SBR kept 83.24, 62.65, 39.86 and 33.32% of crosslinks, while the MW-treated samples kept 94.78, 88.85, 86.98 and 80.40%. Besides that, the contact angle was decreased drastically after the UV treatment registering 83.70°, 52.45°, 34.75°, 6.0°, while the MW-treated samples had no significant change in the contact angles values. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) findings indicate that part of the polymeric chain was altered through C–C and C-S bond scissions (softening mechanism) calling the attention to a degradation beside the devulcanization phenomenon (regeneration), corroborated by the total carbon and sulfur mass balance. Assuming that the same energy is applied, the UV irradiation present a very strong regeneration effect comparing to MW irradiations. The results are promising, highlighting UV irradiations as a very strong regeneration tool of rubber which is considered a beneficial for the rubber residue problem facilitating its insertion in new composites.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aatmeeyata SM (2010) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, elemental and organic carbon emissions from tire-wear. Sci Total Environ 408:4563–4568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.06.011
Adhikari B, De D, Maiti S (2000) Reclamation and recycling of waste rubber. Prog Polym Sci 25:909–948. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6700(00)00020-4
Ali Shah A, Hasan F, Shah Z et al (2013) Biodegradation of natural and synthetic rubbers: A review. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 83:145–157
Artíñano B, Gómez-Moreno FJ, Díaz E et al (2017) Outdoor and indoor particle characterization from a large and uncontrolled combustion of a tire landfill. Sci Total Environ 593–594:543–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.148
Aboelkheir MG, Bedor PB, Leite SG et al (2019) Biodegradation of Vulcanized SBR: A Comparison between Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptomyces sp. Sci Rep 9:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55530-y
Aboelkheir MG, Visconte LY, Oliveira GE et al (2019) The biodegradative effect of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus larvae on vulcanized SBR and tire crumb. Sci Total Environ 649:1075–1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.228
Aboelkheir M, Siqueira CYS, Souza FG, Filho RDT (2018) Influence of styrene-butadiene co-polymer on the hydration kinetics of SBR-modified well cement slurries. Macromol Symp 380:1800131. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.201800131
Sato S, Honda Y, Kuwahara M, Watanabe T (2003) Degradation of vulcanized and nonvulcanized polyisoprene rubbers by lipid peroxidation catalyzed by oxidative enzymes and transition metals. Biomacromol 4:321–329. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm025683k
Gisbert AN, Amorós JEC, Martínez JL, Garcia AM (2007) Study of thermal degradation kinetics of elastomeric powder (ground tire rubber). Polym-Plast Technol Eng 47:36–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602550701580870
Aboelkheir M, Filho RDT, Souza Jr FG (2019) Study on vulcanized rubber degradation after exposure to ultraviolet irradiation. 15th Brazilian Polymer Conference (CBPOL)
Aoudia K, Azem S, Aït Hocine N et al (2017) Recycling of waste tire rubber: Microwave devulcanization and incorporation in a thermoset resin. Waste Manage 60:471–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.051
CROW (2015) Thermal-oxidative degradation of rubber. In: Polymer Properties Database. http://polymerdatabase.com/polymer%20chemistry/Thermal%20Degradation%20Elastomers.html. Accessed 9 Mar 2019
Joseph AM, George B, Madhusoodanan KN, Alex R (2015) Current status of sulphur vulcanization and devulcanization chemistry: process of vulcanization. Rubber Science 28:82–121
Kwon E, Castaldi MJ (2008) Investigation of Mechanisms of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Initiated from the Thermal Degradation of Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) in N2 Atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol 42:2175–2180. https://doi.org/10.1021/es7026532
Kwon E, Castaldi MJ (2009) Fundamental understanding of the thermal degradation mechanisms of waste tires and their air pollutant generation in a N2 atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol 43:5996–6002. https://doi.org/10.1021/es900564b
Aguele FO, Idiaghe JA, Apugo-Nwosu TU (2015) A study of quality improvement of natural rubber products by drying methods. Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering 03:7. https://doi.org/10.4236/msce.2015.311002
Boon AJ (1998) Hock cleavage. The cause of main-chain scission in natural rubber autoxidation? J Nat Rubb Res 3
Duh Y-S, Ho T-C, Chen J-R, Kao C-S (2010) Study on Exothermic Oxidation of Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) Resin Powder with Application to ABS Processing Safety. Polymers 2:174–187. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym2030174
Liu J, Liu P, Zhang X et al (2016) Fabrication of magnetic rubber composites by recycling waste rubber powders via a microwave-assisted in situ surface modification and semi-devulcanization process. Chem Eng J 295:73–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.03.025
Romero-Sánchez MD, Pastor-Blas MM, del Pilar F-Gómez T, Martı́n-Martı́nez JM, (2001) Durability of the halogenation in synthetic rubber. Int J Adhes Adhes 21:101–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-7496(00)00039-7
Romero-Sánchez MD, Pastor-Blas MM, Martı́n-Martı́nez JM, (2005) Environmental friendly surface treatments of styrene–butadiene–styrene rubber: alternatives to the solvent-based halogenation treatment. Int J Adhes Adhes 25:19–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2004.03.001
Antil Y, Verma ErV, Singh B (2014) Rubberized Concrete Made with Crumb Rubber. Int J Sci Res (IJSR) 3
Bisht K, Ramana PV (2017) Evaluation of mechanical and durability properties of crumb rubber concrete. Constr Build Mater 155:811–817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.131
Faraz MI, Jain U, Jain K, et al (2015) Effect of Crumb Rubber Material on Concrete Mix. ResearchGate 2
Gonen T (2018) Freezing-thawing and impact resistance of concretes containing waste crumb rubbers. Constr Build Mater 177:436–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.105
Veilleux J, Rodrigue D (2016) EBSCOhost | 115746635 | Properties of Recycled PS/SBR Blends: Effect of SBR Pretreatment
Abreu Junior HMB, Nunes RCR, Visconte LLY (2010) Misturas NR/SBR: Influência da Composição e do Modo de Preparação Sobre Propriedades Mecânicas e Reométricas 20:1–5
de Sousa FDB, Scuracchio CH, Hu G-H, Hoppe S (2017) Devulcanization of waste tire rubber by microwaves. Polym Degrad Stab 138:169–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.03.008
Wang S, Zhang F-D, Huang A-M, Zhou Q (2015) Distinction of four Dalbergia species by FTIR, 2nd derivative IR, and 2D-IR spectroscopy of their ethanol-benzene extractives. 70:. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2015-0125
Buonerba A, Speranza V, Canton P et al (2014) Novel nanostructured semicrystalline ionomers by chemoselective sulfonation of multiblock copolymers of syndiotactic polystyrene with polybutadiene. RSC Adv 4:60158–60167. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA13253J
Shao L, Ji Z-Y, Ma J-Z et al (2016) The synergy of double cross-linking agents on the properties of styrene butadiene rubber foams. Sci Rep 6:36931
Silverstein RM, Webster FX (2000) Identificação Espectrométrica de Compostos Orgânicos, 6a ed. LTC Livros Técnicos e Científicos
Galvagno S, Casu S, Martino M et al (2007) Thermal and kinetic study of tyre waste pyrolysis via TG-FTIR-MS analysis. J Therm Anal Calorim 88:507–514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-006-8409-1
López FA, El Hadad AA, Alguacil FJ et al (2013) Kinetics of the thermal degradation of granulated scrap tyres: a model-free analysis. Mater Sci 19:403–408. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.19.4.2947
Janowska G, Rybiński P (2009) Polimery - Influence of network structures of nitrile rubbers on their thermal properties. 4
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES—Finance Code 001), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP PRESAL Ref.1889/10) and Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) for the financial support and scholarships.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Aboelkheir, M.G., Lima Junior, J.G., Toledo Filho, R.D. et al. Thermo-oxidative degradation of vulcanized SBR: A comparison between ultraviolet (UV) and microwave as recovery techniques. J Polym Res 28, 141 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-021-02497-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-021-02497-y