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The epoxy resin system: function and role of curing agents

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A Correction to this article was published on 09 October 2023

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Abstract

Curing agents are critical components of aqueous epoxy resin systems. Unfortunately, its uses and applications are restricted because of its low emulsifying yields. Epoxy resins are frequently used in electrical devices, castings, packaging, adhesive, corrosion resistance, and dip coating. In the presence of curing agents, epoxy resins become rigid and infusible. Eco-friendliness and mechanical functionality have emerged as vulcanization properties. Curing agents are used for surface modification, thermodynamic properties, functional approaches to therapeutic procedures, and recent advances in a variety of fields such as commercial and industrial levels. The curing agent has superior construction and mechanical properties when compared to the commercial one, which suggests that it has the potential for use as the architectural and industrial coatings. The thermal stability of cured products is good due to the presence of the imide group and the hydrogenated phenanthrene ring structure. Over the course of the projection period, it is anticipated that the global market for curing agents will continue to expand at a steady rate. The growth of the market is mainly driven by its expanding range in future applications such as adhesives, composites, construction, electrical, electronics, and wind energy. This review focused on the most recent advancements in curing techniques, emphasizing their thermal and mechanical properties. The review also presents a critical discussion of key aspects and bottleneck or research gap of the application of curing agents in the industrial areas.

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Fig. 1

(Adapted from Kyriazis, et al. [43], Copyright Permission MDPI 2022)

Scheme 1
Fig. 2

(Adapted from Tezel, et al. [87], Copyright Permission Elsevier-2022)

Fig. 3

(Adapted from Akbari, et al. [88], Copyright Permission MDPI 2022)

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Data availability

Data available on request from the authors.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank their parent institution for providing the necessary facilities to complete the current research. This work was also supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme, Malaysia [FRGS/1/2019/STG05/UNIM/02/2]. Pau Loke Show would like to acknowledge Khalifa University (FSU-2024-001) with project reference number 8474000580.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang Province, China

    Tariq Aziz

  2. Department of Chemistry, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, 29050, Pakistan

    Fazal Haq

  3. Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan

    Arshad Farid

  4. College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

    Li Cheng

  5. Faculty of Maritime Studies, University Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia

    Lai Fatt Chuah

  6. School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon

    Awais Bokhari

  7. Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Building 4 Level 4, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia

    Muhammad Mubashir

  8. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

    Doris Ying Ying Tang & Pau Loke Show

  9. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China

    Pau Loke Show

  10. Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Shakhbout Bin Sultan St, Zone 1, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

    Pau Loke Show

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  1. Tariq Aziz
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Aziz, T., Haq, F., Farid, A. et al. The epoxy resin system: function and role of curing agents. Carbon Lett. 34, 477–494 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-023-00547-7

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