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One pot synthesis of silver nanocrystals using the seaweed Gracilaria edulis: biophysical characterization and potential against the filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus and the midge Chironomus circumdatus

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Abstract

Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) represent a deadly threat for millions of humans and animals worldwide. Seaweeds are an important resource for marine biotechnology and are currently investigated as sources of reducing and capping agents for the nanosynthesis of mosquitocides. Culex quinquefasciatus is a major vector of lymphatic filariasis, while chironomid midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) elicit allergic reactions. In this research, silver nanoparticles (AgNP) were biosynthesized using a cheap aqueous extract of Gracilaria edulis as reducing and stabilizing agent. The formation of AgNP was confirmed by UV–Vis spectrophotometry. AgNP were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. AgNP were mostly spherical and cubic in shape, crystalline in nature. Gracilaria edulis-synthesized AgNP showed excellent ovicidal, larvicidal, pupicidal, and ovideterrent toxicity against Cx. quinquefasciatus and Chironomus circumdatus. Larvicidal LC50 ranged from 17 to 29 ppm. AgNP of 30 ppm led to 100 % mortality in treated eggs. Doses higher than 10 ppm lead to oviposition deterrence rates higher than 75 % (Oviposition Activity Index lower than −0.59). In the field, a single application of AgNP (10 × LC50) led to elimination of larval populations of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ch. circumdatus within 72 h. Overall, G. edulis-synthesized AgNP may be potential candidates to develop eco-friendly control tools against Diptera of medical and veterinary importance.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the financial support rendered by King Saud University, through the Vice Deanship of Research Chairs. The authors gratefully acknowledge the UGC- NON-SAP- RFSMS, New Delhi India (grant n. G2/11753/UGC NON-SAP RFSMS ZOOLOGY 2011).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, J. K. K. Nataraja College of Arts and Science, Komarapalayam, Tamil Nadu, 638183, India

    Pari Madhiyazhagan

  2. Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India

    Kadarkarai Murugan, Thiyagarajan Nataraj, Jayapal Subramaniam, Balamurugan Chandramohan, Devakumar Dinesh & Udaiyan Suresh

  3. Thiruvalluvar University (State University) Serkkadu, Vellore, 632 115, India

    Kadarkarai Murugan

  4. Department of Zoology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India

    Arjunan Naresh Kumar

  5. National Institute of Plant Health Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Hyderabad, India

    Thiyagarajan Nataraj

  6. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia

    Chellasamy Panneerselvam

  7. Department of Environmental Biology, University Sapienza of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy

    Marcello Nicoletti

  8. Department of Physics and Astronomy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Mohamad Saleh Alsalhi & Sandhanasamy Devanesan

  9. Insect Behavior Group, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy

    Giovanni Benelli

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Correspondence to Giovanni Benelli.

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Madhiyazhagan, P., Murugan, K., Kumar, A.N. et al. One pot synthesis of silver nanocrystals using the seaweed Gracilaria edulis: biophysical characterization and potential against the filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus and the midge Chironomus circumdatus . J Appl Phycol 29, 649–659 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-016-0953-x

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