Abstract
Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of the proposed nanotechnologies in the electronics industry which offers a new construction for scheming digital circuits with less energy consumption on the nano-scale and possibly can be an appropriate replacement of Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Since shift registers are usually used in the digital circuits designing, its scheming is a very challenging research topic. Therefore, in this paper, firstly a new design of D-flip-flop has been introduced. Then this efficient element is used for designing an optimized Serial-Input-Serial-Output (SISO) and Parallel-Input-Parallel-Output (PIPO) shift registers based on QCA technology. Simulations using QCADesigner computational tool are done to check the performance of the suggested designs. They have shown that the suggested designs are stable and applicable structures regarding area, delay and complexity.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Lim, L. A., Ghazali, A., Yan, S. C. T., and Fat, C. C., Sequential circuit design using quantum-dot cellular automata (qca), in 2012 IEEE International Conference on Circuits and Systems (ICCAS), pp. 162–167: IEEE (2012)
Sen, B., Goswami, M., Some, S., and Sikdar, B. K., Design of sequential circuits in multilayer qca structure, in 2013 International Symposium on Electronic System Design, pp. 21–25: IEEE (2013)
Kummamuru, R.K., Orlov, A.O., Ramasubramaniam, R., Lent, C.S., Bernstein, G.H., Snider, G.L.: Operation of a quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) shift register and analysis of errors. IEEE Trans Electron Devices. 50(9), 1906–1913 (2003)
Chakrabarty, R., Mahato, D. K., Banerjee, A., Choudhuri, S., Dey, M., and Mandal, N., A novel design of flip-flop circuits using quantum dot cellular automata (QCA), in 2018 IEEE 8th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC), pp. 408–414: IEEE (2018)
Gadim, M.R., Navimipour, N.J.: A new three-level fault tolerance arithmetic and logic unit based on quantum dot cellular automata. Microsyst. Technol. 1–11 (2017)
Ahmad, F.: An optimal design of QCA based 2n: 1/1: 2n multiplexer/demultiplexer and its efficient digital logic realization. Microprocess. Microsyst. 56, 64–75 (2018)
Fam, S.R., Navimipour, N.J.: Design of a loop-based random access memory based on the nanoscale quantum dot cellular automata. Photon Netw. Commun. 1–11 (2018)
Zoka, S., Gholami, M.: A novel rising edge triggered resettable D flip-flop using five input majority gate. Microprocess. Microsyst. 61, 327–335 (2018)
Binaei, R., Gholami, M.: Design of novel D flip-flops with set and reset abilities in quantum-dot cellular automata nanotechnology. Comput Electr Eng. 74, 259–272 (2019)
Chaves, J.F., Ribeiro, M.A., Silva, L.M., de Assis, L.M., Torres, M.S., Neto, O.P.V.: Energy efficient QCA circuits design: simulating and analyzing partially reversible pipelines. J. Comput. Electron. 17(1), 479–489 (2018)
Abedi, D., Jaberipur, G.: Decimal full adders specially designed for quantum-dot cellular automata. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Express Briefs. 65(1), 106–110 (2018)
Salimzadeh, F., Heikalabad, S.R.: Design of a novel reversible structure for full adder/subtractor in quantum-dot cellular automata. Phys. B Condens. Matter. 556, 163–169 (2019)
Naji Asfestani, M., Rasouli Heikalabad, S.: A unique structure for the multiplexer in quantum-dot cellular automata to create a revolution in design of nanostructures. Physica B: Condensed Matter. 512, 91–99 (2017)
Thakur, G., Sarvagya, M., Sharan, P.: Design and implementation of crossbar scheduler for system-on-chip network in quantum dot cellular automata technology. Internet Technology Letters. 1(6), e26 (2018)
Binaei, R., Gholami, M.: Design of Multiplexer-Based D Flip-Flop with set and reset ability in quantum dot cellular automata nanotechnology. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 1–13 (2018)
Seyedi, S., Navimipour, N.J.: Design and evaluation of a new structure for fault-tolerance full-adder based on quantum-dot cellular automata. Nano Commun Networks. 16, 1–9 (2018)
Torres, F.S., Wille, R., Niemann, P., Drechsler, R.: An energy-aware model for the logic synthesis of quantum-dot cellular automata. IEEE Trans Comput Aided Des Integr Circuits Syst. (2018)
Babaie, S., Sadoghifar, A., Bahar, A.N.: Design of an efficient multilayer arithmetic logic unit in quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA). IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Express Briefs. 2018,
Mohaghegh, S.M., Sabbaghi-Nadooshan, R., Mohammadi, M.: Designing ternary quantum-dot cellular automata logic circuits based upon an alternative model. Comput Electr Eng. 71, 43–59 (2018)
Hosseinzadeh, H., Heikalabad, S.R.: A novel fault tolerant majority gate in quantum-dot cellular automata to create a revolution in design of fault tolerant nanostructures, with physical verification. Microelectron. Eng. 192, 52–60 (2018)
Moharrami, E., Navimipour, N.J.: Designing nanoscale counter using reversible gate based on quantum-dot cellular automata. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 1–22 (2017)
Mosleh, M.: A novel design of multiplexer based on nano-scale quantum-dot cellular automata. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience. Concurr Comp-Pract E. 0(0), e5070
Taskin, B., Chiu, A., Salkind, J., Venutolo, D.: A shift-register-based QCA memory architecture. ACM J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst. 5(1), 4 (2009)
Abutaleb, M.: Robust and efficient quantum-dot cellular automata synchronous counters. Microelectron. J. 61, 6–14 (2017)
Afrooz, S., Navimipour, N.J.: Memory designing using quantum-dot cellular automata: systematic literature review, classification and current trends. Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers. J. Circuit Syst Comp. 26, 1730004 (2017)
Huang, J., Momenzadeh, M., Lombardi, F.: Design of sequential circuits by quantum-dot cellular automata. Microelectron. J. 38(4–5), 525–537 (2007)
Das, J.C., De, D.: Operational efficiency of novel SISO shift register under thermal randomness in quantum-dot cellular automata design. Microsyst. Technol. 23(9), 4155–4168 (2017)
Sasamal, T. N., Singh, A. K., and Ghanekar, U., An efficient single-layer crossing based 4-bit shift register using QCA, in Advanced Computing and Communication Technologies: Springer, , pp. 315–325 (2018)
Purkayastha, T., De, D., Chattopadhyay, T.: Universal shift register implementation using quantum dot cellular automata. Ain Shams Eng J. 2016,
Divshali, M.N., Rezai, A., Karimi, A.: Towards multilayer QCA SISO shift register based on efficient D-FF circuits. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 57(11), 3326–3339 (2018)
Walus, K., Dysart, T.J., Jullien, G.A., Budiman, R.A.: QCADesigner: a rapid design and simulation tool for quantum-dot cellular automata. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 3(1), 26–31 (2004)
Liu, W., Swartzlander, E. E. Jr, and O’Neill, M., Design of Semiconductor QCA Systems. Artech House, (2013)
Srivastava, S., Probabilistic modeling of quantum-dot cellular automata, (2007)
Shamsabadi, A.S., Ghahfarokhi, B.S., Zamanifar, K., Movahedinia, N.: Applying inherent capabilities of quantum-dot cellular automata to design: D flip-flop case study. J. Syst. Archit. 55(3), 180–187 (2009)
Goswami, M., Kumar, B., Tibrewal, H., and Mazumdar, S., Efficient Realization of Digital Logic Circuit Using Qca Multiplexer, in 2014 2nd International Conference on Business and Information Management (ICBIM), pp. 165–170: IEEE (2014)
Sabbaghi-Nadooshan, R., Kianpour, M.: A novel QCA implementation of MUX-based universal shift register. J. Comput. Electron. 13(1), 198–210 (2014)
Ahmad, F., Mustafa, M., Wani, N.A., Mir, F.A.: A novel idea of pseudo-code generator in quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA). Int. J. Simul. Multidiscip. Des. Optim. 5, A04 (2014)
Reshi, J. I., Banday, M. T., and Khanday, F. A., Sequential circuit design using quantum dot cellular automata (QCA), In 2015 International conference on advances in computers, communication and electronic engineering, 1 (1): 143–148, 2015.{ISSN: 978–93-822}, (2015)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, T., Kornovich, R. An Optimized Design of Serial-Input-Serial-Output (SISO) and Parallel-Input-Parallel-Output (PIPO) Shift Registers Based on Quantum Dot Cellular Automata Nanotechnology. Int J Theor Phys 58, 3684–3693 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-019-04238-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-019-04238-w