Abstract
Genetic variation, as a multi-scalar variable, is important to genetic resource and conservation programs. M. mozaffarianiiMentha mozaffarianii Jamzad is an aromatic, medicinal and endemic plant in southern Iran. However, the genetic information of M. mozaffarianii is lacking. The study presented here is one of the first investigations to survey the genetic diversity of this valuable plant using Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers and morphological traits. This study also performed an association analysis to provide any correlation between the markers mentioned above. Individuals revealed by morphological features were divided into two major groups using cluster analysis based on Ward’s method. Results of ISSR analysis revealed genetic variations within and between populations to be 54% and 46%, respectively. In addition, 24 selected ISSR primers produced 343 polymorphic bands (Nei’s genetic diversity 0.146–0.427, Shannon’s information index 0.240–0.614). Cluster analysis using Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean divided all individuals into two major groups and a high co-phenetic correlation coefficient (r = 0.850) was observed. The study of population structure as a prerequisite for correlation analysis showed two subgroups (K = 2). In mixed linear model analysis, 249 sites were identified to be related to the studied traits (p ≤ 0.02). The site ISSR42-20 was found to be associated with six features. This characterization could improve our understanding of the relationships among the evaluated traits. Flower diameter had the highest number of related markers (17 locations). Results showed that ISSRs were successful markers to show genetic diversity among populations. Results of the current study provided valuable information regarding M. mozaffarianii, which could be helpful in genetic studies, conservation, reproduction, breeding programs, and production of cultivars with high biomass contents.
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Data availability
The data sets generated and analyzed were available to the authors during the current study.
Abbreviations
- AMOVA:
-
Analysis of molecular variance
- AFLP:
-
Amplified fragment length polymorphism
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- GLM and MLM:
-
General and mixed linear models
- UPGMA:
-
Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean
- MCMC:
-
Markov chain Monte Carlo
- GST :
-
Genetic differentiation coefficient between populations
- Nm:
-
Gene flow
- HS :
-
Genetic diversity index within populations
- ISSR:
-
Inter-simple sequence repeat
- Nm:
-
Gene flow
- H:
-
Nei’s gene diversity
- Ne:
-
Number of effective alleles
- PCAmix:
-
Principal component analysis of mixed data
- PCoA:
-
Principal coordinates analysis
- PIC:
-
Polymorphism information content
- RAPD:
-
Random amplified polymorphic DNA
- RFLP:
-
Restriction fragment length polymorphism
- I:
-
Shannon’s information index
- SSR:
-
Simple sequence repeat
- Ba:
-
Bastack
- Bo:
-
Bokhoun
- D:
-
Damtang
- H:
-
Hemag
- Ge:
-
Geno
- Bu:
-
Khaeez
- F:
-
Komarj
- S:
-
Sikhuran
- Z:
-
Zakin
- GT:
-
Grow type
- NL:
-
Number of leave in 15 cm
- LL:
-
Leaf length
- LW:
-
Leaf width
- R1:
-
Leaf L/W rate
- LC:
-
Leaf color
- LS:
-
Leaf shape
- LT:
-
Leaf tipe
- LM:
-
Leaf margin
- TL:
-
Thickness of leaf
- VN:
-
Veins number
- VC:
-
Vein conditions
- HL:
-
Heart-shaped leaf in shoot
- P:
-
Petiole
- PL:
-
Petiole length
- PC:
-
Petiole color
- NS:
-
Number of the main stem
- SML:
-
Stem the main length
- SC:
-
Stem color
- SDS:
-
Stem diagonal near the soil
- IML:
-
Internodes of the main length
- NNS:
-
Number nodes in the main stem
- NIS:
-
Number internodes in the main stem
- LNN:
-
Leafe number in node
- SSN:
-
Secondary stem number
- SSD:
-
Secondary stem diagonal
- PH:
-
Plant height
- PD:
-
Plant diagonal
- R2:
-
Plant diagonal/height rate
- FBNSL:
-
Flowering branches number in smooth leaf shoot
- FBNCL:
-
Flowering branches number in congress leaf shoot
- FSL:
-
Flowering stem length
- PF:
-
Place of emergence flowering branch
- FSC:
-
Flowering stems conditions
- LF:
-
Leaf size on flowering branch
- IL:
-
Inflorescence length
- ID:
-
Inflorescence diagonal
- DII:
-
Distance of internodes in inflorescence
- NNI:
-
Number nodes in inflorescence
- NF:
-
Number of flower at full flowering in inflorescence nods
- FCI:
-
Flower conditions at the end of inflorescence
- FD:
-
Flower diameter
- FFC:
-
Flower flag color
- FC:
-
Flower color
- FS:
-
Flowering season
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Acknowledgements
This project was carried out with the cooperation of the Environmental Department of Hormozgan Province. We wish to express our gratitude for the use of their facilities. We would also like to thank Dr. Tahmineh Alidadi, MSc Fariba Mohammadi, Dr. Gholamreza Sharifi-Sirchi, and Dr. Siavash Samavii for their cooperation in implementing this project.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design; FR, DS, MAS prepared Materials. FR performed Data collection and analysis. FR wrote the first draft of the manuscript then, other authors commented on previous manuscript versions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Roshanibakhsh, F., Samsampour, D., Askari Seyahooei, M. et al. Strong relationship between molecular and morphological attributes in Iranian mentha populations (Mentha mozaffarianii Jamzad). Genet Resour Crop Evol 70, 1721–1745 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-022-01532-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-022-01532-1