Abstract
Lignocellulose revalorization has emerged as a major solution to mitigate the increasing energy demand of the growing population. Lignocellulosic biomass is considered the building block of plant cell walls and is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The biomass needs to be processed efficiently to produce value-added products and bioenergy. Therefore, this study aims to systematically review various conversion technologies, like thermal conversion, and biological pretreatments available to achieve this. The use of the biological pretreatment method is cost-effective and eco-friendly. Many microorganisms, different strains of bacteria, fungus, etc., are used here to exploit their cellulolytic and ligninolytic properties. It covers the life cycle assessment of lignocellulose pretreatment, downstream processing for conversion of lignocellulose to biofuel, and techno-economic analysis. The attention has also been given to the development of biorefineries to enhance the production efficiency of bioenergy from the lignocellulosic biomass.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
References
Aalikhani, M., Khalili, M., & Jahanshahi, M. (2022). The natural iron chelators’ ferulic acid and caffeic acid rescue mice’s brains from side effects of iron overload. Frontiers in Neurology, 13, 951725. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.951725
Abdel-Hamid, A. M., Solbiati, J. O., & Cann, I. K. O. (2013). Insights into lignin degradation and its potential industrial applications. Advances in Applied Microbiology, 82, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407679-2.00001-6
Aguilar-Reynosa, A., Romaní, A., Ma, R., Rodríguez-Jasso, C. N., Aguilar, G. G., & Ruiz, H. A. (2017). Microwave heating processing as alternative of pretreatment in second-generation biorefinery: An overview. Energy Conversion and Management, 136, 50–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.01.004
Akbari, G. (2020). Molecular mechanisms underlying gallic acid effects against cardiovascular diseases: An update review. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 10, 11–23.
Akhtar, N., Gupta, K., Goyal, D., & Goyal, A. (2016). Recent advances in pretreatment technologies for efficient hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 35, 489–511. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12257
Althuri, A., Chintagunta, A. D., Sherpa, K. C., & Banerjee, R. (2018). Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass. In S. Kumar & R. K. Sani (Eds.), Biorefining of biomass to biofuels (pp. 265–285). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67678-4_12
Amin, F. R., Khalid, H., Zhang, H., Rahman, S. U., Zhang, R., Liu, G., & Chen, C. (2017). Pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic biomass for anaerobic digestion. AMB Express, 7, 72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-017-0375-4
Aoudi, B., Boluk, Y., & Gamal El-Din, M. (2022). Recent advances and future perspective on nanocellulose-based materials in diverse water treatment applications. Science of The Total Environment, 843, 156903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156903
Arevalo-Gallegos, A., Ahmad, Z., Asgher, M., Parra-Saldivar, R., & Iqbal, H. M. N. (2017). Lignocellulose: A sustainable material to produce value-added products with a zero waste approach-A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 99, 308–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.097
Asgher, M., Ahmad, Z., & Iqbal, H. M. N. (2013). Alkali and enzymatic delignification of sugarcane bagasse to expose cellulose polymers for saccharification and bio-ethanol production. Industrial Crops and Products, 44, 488–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.10.005
Bai, X., Wang, G., Yu, Y., Wang, D., & Wang, Z. (2018). Changes in the physicochemical structure and pyrolysis characteristics of wheat straw after rod-milling pretreatment. Bioresource Technology, 250, 770–776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.085
Baruah, J., Nath, B. K., Sharma, R., Kumar, S., Deka, R. C., Baruah, D. C., & Kalita, E. (2018). Recent trends in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for value-added products. Frontiers in Energy Research, 6, 141. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2018.00141
Batista Meneses, D., Montes de Oca-Vásquez, G., Vega-Baudrit, J. R., Rojas-Álvarez, M., Corrales-Castillo, J., & Murillo-Araya, L. C. (2022). Pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic wastes into value-added products: Recent advances and possibilities. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 12, 547–564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00722-0
Behera, S., Arora, R., Nandhagopal, N., & Kumar, S. (2014). Importance of chemical pretreatment for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 36, 91–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.047
Bhatia, S. C. (2014). Energy resources and their utilisation. Advanced Renewable Energy Systems (pp. 1–31). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-269-3.50001-2
Bhutto, A. W., Qureshi, K., Harijan, K., Abro, R., Abbas, T., Bazmi, A. A., Karim, S., & GuangRen, Y. (2017). Insight into progress in pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Energy (oxford), 122, 724–745.
Bilal, M., Asgher, M., Iqbal, H. M. N., Hu, H., & Zhang, X. (2017). Biotransformation of lignocellulosic materials into value-added products-A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 98, 447–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.133
Bonner, I., Thompson, D., Plummer, M., Dee, M., Tumuluru, J. S., Pace, D., Teymouri, F., Campbell, T., & Bals, B. (2016). Impact of ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) pretreatment on energy consumption during drying, grinding, and pelletization of corn stover. Drying Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2015.1112809
Borand, M. N., & Karaosmanoğlu, F. (2018). Effects of organosolv pretreatment conditions for lignocellulosic biomass in biorefinery applications: A review. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 10, 033104.
Bozdogan Sert, E., Turkmen, M., & Cetin, M. (2019). Heavy metal accumulation in rosemary leaves and stems exposed to traffic-related pollution near Adana-İskenderun Highway (Hatay, Turkey). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191, 553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7714-7
Cai, C. M., Zhang, T., Kumar, R., & Wyman, C. E. (2013). THF co-solvent enhances hydrocarbon fuel precursor yields from lignocellulosic biomass. Green Chemistry, 15, 3140–3145. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3GC41214H
Capolupo, L., & Faraco, V. (2016). Green methods of lignocellulose pretreatment for biorefinery development. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 100, 9451–9467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-016-7884-y
Cesur, A., Zeren Cetin, I., Cetin, M., Sevik, H., & Ozel, H. B. (2022). The use of Cupressus arizonica as a biomonitor of Li, Fe, and Cr pollution in Kastamonu. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 233(6), 193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05667-w
Cetin, M. (2013). Landscape engineering, protecting soil, and runoff storm water. In M. Ozyavuz (Ed.), Advances in landscape architecture. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/55812
Cetin, M. (2015). Using GIS analysis to assess urban green space in terms of accessibility: Case study in Kutahya. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 22(5), 420–424.
Çetin, M. (2016a). A Change in the Amount of CO2 at the Center of the examination halls: Case study of Turkey. Studies on Ethno-Medicine, 10, 146–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/09735070.2016.11905483
Çetin, M. (2016b). Sustainability of urban coastal area management: A case study on Cide. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 35, 527–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2016.1228072
Cetin, M., Aljama, A. M. O., Alrabiti, O. B. M., Adiguzel, F., Sevik, H., & Zeren Cetin, I. (2022a). Using topsoil analysis to determine and map changes in Ni Co Pollution. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 233, 293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05762-y
Cetin, M., Aljama, A. M. O., Alrabiti, O. B. M., Adiguzel, F., Sevik, H., & Zeren Cetin, I. (2022c). Determination and mapping of regional change of Pb and Cr pollution in Ankara City Center. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 233, 163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05638-1
Cetin, M., Isik Pekkan, O., Bilge Ozturk, G., Senyel Kurkcuoglu, M. A., Kucukpehlivan, T., & Cabuk, A. (2022b). Examination of the change in the vegetation around the Kirka Boron mine site by using remote sensing techniques. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 233, 254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05738-y
Cetin, M., & Jawed, A. A. (2021). The chancing of Mg concentrations in some plants grown in Pakistan depends on plant species and the growing environment. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 7, 167–174.
Cetin, M., & Jawed, A. A. (2022). Variation of Ba concentrations in some plants grown in Pakistan depending on traffic density. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02334-2
Chen, S., Zhang, X., Singh, D., Yu, H., & Yang, X. (2010). Biological pretreatment of lignocellulosics: Potential, progress and challenges. Biofuels, 1, 177–199. https://doi.org/10.4155/bfs.09.13
Cheng, H., & Wang, L. (2013). Lignocelluloses feedstock biorefinery as petrorefinery substitutes, biomass now - sustainable growth and use. IntechOpen.
Cicek, N., Erdogan, M., Yucedag, C., & Cetin, M. (2022). Improving the detrimental aspects of salinity in salinized soils of arid and semi-arid areas for effects of vermicompost leachate on salt stress in seedlings. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 233, 197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05677-8
Clark, J. H., & Deswarte, F. E. I. (2008). The biorefinery concept–An integrated approach. In J. H. Clark & F. E. I. Deswarte (Eds.), Introduction to chemicals from biomass (pp. 1–20). Wiley.
Dahunsi, O. S., & Enyinnaya, M. (2019). The bioenergy potentials of lignocelluloses. Energy Conversion - Current Technologies and Future Trends, 93, 79109. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79109
Das, I., Ghangrekar, M. M., Satyakam, R., Srivastava, P., Khan, S., & Pandey, H. N. (2020). On-site sanitary wastewater treatment system using 720-L stacked microbial fuel cell: Case study. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 24, 04020025. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000518
Demirbas, A., Ozturk, T., & Demirbas, M. F. (2006). Recovery of energy and chemicals from carbonaceous materials. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 28, 1473–1482. https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190932169
Duque, A., Manzanares, P., & Ballesteros, M. (2017). Extrusion as a pretreatment for lignocellulosic biomass: Fundamentals and applications. Renewable Energy, 114, 1427–1441.
Fache, M., Boutevin, B., & Caillol, S. (2016). Vanillin production from lignin and its use as a renewable chemical. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 4, 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b01344
Farhat, W., Venditti, R. A., Hubbe, M., Taha, M., Becquart, F., & Ayoub, A. (2017). A review of water-resistant hemicellulose-based materials: Processing and applications. Chemsuschem, 10, 305–323. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201601047
Feng, Y., Long, S., Tang, X., Sun, Y., Luque, R., Zeng, X., & Lin, L. (2021). Earth-abundant 3d-transition-metal catalysts for lignocellulosic biomass conversion. Chemical Society Reviews, 50, 6042–6093. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CS01601B
Forsberg, C. W. (2007). Future hydrogen markets for large-scale hydrogen production systems. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Path Forward to a Hydrogen Economy, 32, 431–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.06.059
Fushinobu, S. (2014). Metalloproteins: A new face for biomass breakdown. Nature Chemical Biology, 10, 88–89. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.1434
Ghasimi, D. S. M., Zandvoort, M. H., Adriaanse, M., van Lier, J. B., & de Kreuk, M. (2016). Comparative analysis of the digestibility of sewage fine sieved fraction and hygiene paper produced from virgin fibers and recycled fibers. Waste Management, 53, 156–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.04.034
Hammel, K. E., & Cullen, D. (2008). Role of fungal peroxidases in biological ligninolysis. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 11, 349–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2008.02.003
Haro, P., Ollero, P., Villanueva Perales, A. L., & Gómez-Barea, A. (2013). Thermochemical biorefinery based on dimethyl ether as intermediate: Technoeconomic assessment. Applied Energy, 102, 950–961.
Heap, L., Green, A., Brown, D., van Dongen, B., & Turner, N. (2014). Role of laccase as an enzymatic pretreatment method to improve lignocellulosic saccharification. Catalysis Science & Technology, 4, 2251–2259. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CY00046C
Himmel, M. E., Ding, S.-Y., Johnson, D. K., Adney, W. S., Nimlos, M. R., Brady, J. W., & Foust, T. D. (2007). Biomass recalcitrance: Engineering plants and enzymes for biofuels production. Science, 315, 804–807. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1137016
Hodrová, B., Kopečný, J., & Káš, J. (1998). Cellulolytic enzymes of rumen anaerobic fungi Orpinomyces joyonii and Caecomyces communis. Research in Microbiology, 149, 417–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0923-2508(98)80324-0
Hu, F., & Ragauskas, A. (2012). Pretreatment and lignocellulosic chemistry. Bioenergy Research, 5, 1043–1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-012-9208-0
Ibarra-Gonzalez, P., & Rong, B.-G. (2019). A review of the current state of biofuels production from lignocellulosic biomass using thermochemical conversion routes. 中国化学工程学报, 27(7), 1523–1535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2018.09.018
Iqbal, H. M. N., Kyazze, G., & Keshavarz, T. (2013). Advances in the valorization of lignocellulosic materials by biotechnology: An overview. BioResources, 8(2), 3157–3176. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.8.2.3157-3176
Ivetić, D. Ž, Omorjan, R. P., Đorđević, T. R., & Antov, M. G. (2017). The impact of ultrasound pretreatment on the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose from sugar beet shreds: Modeling of the experimental results. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 36, 1164–1172. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12544
Jönsson, L. J., & Martín, C. (2016). Pretreatment of lignocellulose: Formation of inhibitory by-products and strategies for minimizing their effects. Bioresource Technology, Pretreatment of Biomass, 199, 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.009
Kan, T., Strezov, V., & Evans, T. J. (2016). Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis: A review of product properties and effects of pyrolysis parameters. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 57, 1126–1140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.185
Kapdan, I. K., & Kargi, F. (2006). Bio-hydrogen production from waste materials. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 38, 569–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.09.015
Ke, L., Wu, Q., Zhou, N., Xiong, J., Yang, Q., Zhang, L., Wang, Yuanyuan, Dai, L., Zou, R., Liu, Y., Ruan, R., & Wang, Yunpu. (2022). Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis for aromatic hydrocarbons production: Pre and in-process enhancement methods. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 165, 112607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112607
Kim, D. (2018). Physico-chemical conversion of lignocellulose: Inhibitor effects and detoxification strategies: A mini review. Molecules, 23, E309. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23020309
Kim, J. S., Lee, Y. Y., & Kim, T. H. (2016). A review on alkaline pretreatment technology for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresource Technology, 199, 42–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.085
Kuhad, R. C., Singh, A., & Eriksson, K. E. (1997). Microorganisms and enzymes involved in the degradation of plant fiber cell walls. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, 57, 45–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0102072
Kumar, R., Strezov, V., Weldekidan, H., He, J., Singh, S., Kan, T., & Dastjerdi, B. (2020). Lignocellulose biomass pyrolysis for bio-oil production: A review of biomass pre-treatment methods for production of drop-in fuels. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 123, 109763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109763
Kumar, S., Ngasainao, M. R., Sharma, D., Sengar, M., Gahlot, A. P. S., Shukla, S., & Kumari, P. (2022). Contemporary nanocellulose-composites: A new paradigm for sensing applications. Carbohydrate Polymers, 298, 120052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120052
Kuster Moro, M., Secchi, A. R., da Silva, A. S., Bon, EPd. S., Fujimoto, M. D., Melo, P. A., & Teixeira, R. S. S. (2017). Continuous pretreatment of sugarcane biomass using a twin-screw extruder. Industrial Crops and Products, 97, 509–517.
Kwon, E., Westby, K.J., & Castaldi, M.J. (2010). Transforming municipal solid waste (MSW) into fuel via the gasification/pyrolysis process. In: Presented at the 18th annual North American waste-to-energy conference, American society of mechanical engineers digital collection (pp. 53–60). https://doi.org/10.1115/NAWTEC18-3559
Leis, B., Held, C., Bergkemper, F., Dennemarck, K., Steinbauer, R., Reiter, A., Mechelke, M., Moerch, M., Graubner, S., Liebl, W., Schwarz, W. H., & Zverlov, V. V. (2017). Comparative characterization of all cellulosomal cellulases from Clostridium thermocellum reveals high diversity in endoglucanase product formation essential for complex activity. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 10, 240. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0928-4
Li, H., Qu, Y., Yang, Y., Chang, S., & Xu, J. (2016). Microwave irradiation–A green and efficient way to pretreat biomass. Bioresource Technology, 199, 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.099
Li, M., Liu, Z.-H., Hao, N., Olson, M. L., Li, Q., Bhagia, S., Shinde, S., Kao, K. C., Ragauskas, A. J., Xie, S., & Yuan, J. S. (2021). Synergistic improvement of carbohydrate and lignin processability by biomimicking biomass processing. Frontiers in Energy Research, 8, 194.
Lloyd, T. A., & Wyman, C. E. (2005). Combined sugar yields for dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of corn stover followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the remaining solids. Bioresource Technology, 96, 1967–1977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.01.011
Lu, M., Li, J., Han, L., & Xiao, W. (2019). An aggregated understanding of cellulase adsorption and hydrolysis for ball-milled cellulose. Bioresource Technology, 273, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.037
MacDonald, J., Suzuki, H., & Master, E. R. (2012). Expression and regulation of genes encoding lignocellulose-degrading activity in the genus Phanerochaete. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 94, 339–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-012-3937-z
Malherbe, S., & Cloete, T. E. (2002). Lignocellulose biodegradation: Fundamentals and applications. Re/views in Environmental Science and Bio/technology, 1, 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020858910646
Marshall, A., Jiang, B., Gauvin, R. M., & Thomas, C. M. (2022). 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid: An intriguing precursor for monomer and polymer synthesis. Molecules, 27, 4071. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134071
Maurya, D. P., Singla, A., & Negi, S. (2015). An overview of key pretreatment processes for biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol. 3 Biotech, 5, 597–609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-015-0279-4
Meher Kotay, S., & Das, D. (2008). Biohydrogen as a renewable energy resource—Prospects and potentials. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, IWHE, 2006(33), 258–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.07.031
Meng, X., Parikh, A., Seemala, B., Kumar, R., Pu, Y., Christopher, P., Wyman, C. E., Cai, C. M., & Ragauskas, A. J. (2018). Chemical transformations of poplar lignin during cosolvent enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation process. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6, 8711–8718. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b01028
Motte, J.-C., Escudié, R., Hamelin, J., Steyer, J.-P., Bernet, N., Delgenes, J.-P., & Dumas, C. (2014). Substrate milling pretreatment as a key parameter for solid-state anaerobic digestion optimization. Bioresource Technology, 173, 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.015
Naik, S. N., Goud, V. V., Rout, P. K., & Dalai, A. K. (2010). Production of first and second generation biofuels: A comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14, 578–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.003
Najafi, G., Ghobadian, B., Tavakoli, T., Buttsworth, D. R., Yusaf, T. F., & Faizollahnejad, M. (2009). Performance and exhaust emissions of a gasoline engine with ethanol blended gasoline fuels using artificial neural network. Applied Energy, 86, 630–639.
Nanda, S., Golemi-Kotra, D., McDermott, J. C., Dalai, A. K., Gökalp, I., & Kozinski, J. A. (2017). Fermentative production of butanol: Perspectives on synthetic biology. New Biotechnology, 37, 210–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2017.02.006
Narayanaswamy, N., Dheeran, P., Verma, S., & Kumar, S. (2013). Biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enzymatic saccharification. Pretreatment Techniques for Biofuels and Biorefineries. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32735-3_1
Negro, M. J., Alvarez, C., Ballesteros, I., Romero, I., Ballesteros, M., Castro, E., Manzanares, P., Moya, M., & Oliva, J. M. (2014). Ethanol production from glucose and xylose obtained from steam exploded water-extracted olive tree pruning using phosphoric acid as catalyst. Bioresource Technology, 153, 101–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.11.079
Neves, P. V., Pitarelo, A. P., & Ramos, L. P. (2016). Production of cellulosic ethanol from sugarcane bagasse by steam explosion: Effect of extractives content, acid catalysis and different fermentation technologies. Bioresource Technology, 208, 184–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.02.085
Oncel, S., & Sabankay, M. (2012). Microalgal biohydrogen production considering light energy and mixing time as the two key features for scale-up. Bioresource Technology, 121, 228–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.06.079
Østby, H., Hansen, L. D., Horn, S. J., Eijsink, V. G. H., & Várnai, A. (2020). Enzymatic processing of lignocellulosic biomass: Principles, recent advances and perspectives. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 47, 623–657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-020-02301-8
Patel, M., Zhang, X., & Kumar, A. (2016). Techno-economic and life cycle assessment on lignocellulosic biomass thermochemical conversion technologies: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53, 1486–1499.
Pawar, P., Koutaniemi, S., Tenkanen, M., & Mellerowicz, E. (2013). Acetylation of woody lignocellulose: Significance and regulation. Frontiers in Plant Science, 4, 118.
Prasad, A., Sotenko, M., Blenkinsopp, T., & Coles, S. R. (2016). Life cycle assessment of lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment methods in biofuel production. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 21, 44–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-015-0985-5
Puig-Arnavat, M., Thomsen, T. P., Ravenni, G., Clausen, L. R., Sárossy, Z., & Ahrenfeldt, J. (2019). Pyrolysis and gasification of lignocellulosic biomass. In J.-R. Bastidas-Oyanedel & J. E. Schmidt (Eds.), Biorefinery: Integrated sustainable processes for biomass conversion to biomaterials, biofuels, and fertilizers (pp. 79–110). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10961-5_4
Qian, H., Liu, J., Wang, X., Pei, W., Fu, C., Ma, M., & Huang, C. (2023). The state-of-the-art application of functional bacterial cellulose-based materials in biomedical fields. Carbohydrate Polymers, 300, 120252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120252
Rabemanolontsoa, H., & Saka, S. (2016). Various pretreatments of lignocellulosics. Bioresource Technology, 199, 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.029
Rai, A. K., Al Makishah, N. H., Wen, Z., Gupta, G., Pandit, S., & Prasad, R. (2022). Recent developments in lignocellulosic biofuels, a renewable source of bioenergy. Fermentation, 8, 161. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8040161
Ravindran, R., & Jaiswal, A. K. (2016). A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: Challenges and opportunities. Bioresource Technology, 199, 92–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.106
Rawat, K. (2016). Biomass to fuel: Conversion techniques (pp. 155–194).
Sadare, O. O., Yoro, K. O., Moothi, K., & Daramola, M. O. (2022). Lignocellulosic biomass-derived nanocellulose crystals as fillers in membranes for water and wastewater treatment: A review. Membranes (Basel), 12, 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12030320
Saggi, S. K., & Dey, P. (2019). An overview of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of starchy and lignocellulosic biomass for bio-ethanol production. Biofuels, 10(3), 287–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2016.1193837
Sani, A., Savla, N., Pandit, S., Singh Mathuriya, A., Gupta, P. K., Khanna, N., Pramod Babu, R., & Kumar, S. (2021). Recent advances in bioelectricity generation through the simultaneous valorization of lignocellulosic biomass and wastewater treatment in microbial fuel cell. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 48, 101572.
Sarma, S. J., Brar, S. K., Bihan, Y. L., & Buelna, G. (2013). Liquid waste from bio-hydrogen production—A commercially attractive alternative for phosphate solubilizing bio-fertilizer. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38, 8704.
Sarma, S. J., Pachapur, V., Brar, S. K., Le Bihan, Y., & Buelna, G. (2015). Hydrogen biorefinery: Potential utilization of the liquid waste from fermentative hydrogen production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 50, 942–951.
Sharew, S., Montastruc, L., Ali, A., Negny, S., & Ferrasse, J.-H. (2022). Alternative energy potential and conversion efficiency of biomass into target biofuels: A case study in Ethiopian sugar industry- Wonji-Shoa. Biomass, 2, 279–298. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomass2040019
Shirkavand, E., Baroutian, S., Gapes, D. J., & Young, B. R. (2016). Combination of fungal and physicochemical processes for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment—A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 217–234.
Show, K. Y., Lee, D. J., Tay, J. H., Lin, C. Y., & Chang, J. S. (2012). Biohydrogen production: Current perspectives and the way forward. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37(20), 15616–15631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.04.109
Singh, D., & Chen, S. (2008). The white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium: Conditions for the production of lignin-degrading enzymes. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 81, 399–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-008-1706-9
Singh, J., Suhag, M., & Dhaka, A. (2015). Augmented digestion of lignocellulose by steam explosion, acid and alkaline pretreatment methods: A review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 117, 624–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.10.012
Subhedar, P. B., & Gogate, P. R. (2014). Alkaline and ultrasound assisted alkaline pretreatment for intensification of delignification process from sustainable raw-material. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 21, 216–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.08.001
Sun, S., Sun, S., Cao, X., & Sun, R. (2016a). The role of pretreatment in improving the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials. Bioresource Technology, 199, 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.061
Sun, W., Parowatkin, M., Steffen, W., Butt, H.-J., Mailänder, V., & Wu, S. (2016b). Ruthenium-containing block copolymer assemblies: Red-light-responsive metallopolymers with tunable nanostructures for enhanced cellular uptake and anticancer phototherapy. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 5, 467–473. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201500827
Tabil, L., Adapa, P., & Kashaninejad, M. (2011). Biomass feedstock pre-processing – Part 1: Pre-treatment. Biofuel’s Engineering Process Technology. https://doi.org/10.5772/17086
Takkellapati, S., Li, T., & Gonzalez, M. A. (2018). An overview of biorefinery derived platform chemicals from a cellulose and hemicellulose biorefinery. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 20, 1615–1630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-018-1568-5
Theivasanthi, T., Anne Christma, F. L., Toyin, A. J., Gopinath, S. C. B., & Ravichandran, R. (2018). Synthesis and characterization of cotton fiber-based nanocellulose. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 109, 832–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.054
Tsegaye, B., Balomajumder, C., & Roy, P. (2019). Microbial delignification and hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to enhance biofuel production: An overview and future prospect. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 43, 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-019-0094-x
Vasco-Correa, J., Ge, X., & Li, Y. (2016). Biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Biomass fractionation technologies for a lignocellulosic feedstock based biorefinery (pp. 561–585). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802323-5.00024-4
Vicuña, R. (2000). Ligninolysis. Molecular Biotechnology, 14, 173–176. https://doi.org/10.1385/MB:14:2:173
Vicuña, R., González, B., Seelenfreund, D., Rüttimann, C., & Salas, L. (1993). Ability of natural bacterial isolates to metabolize high and low molecular weight lignin-derived molecules. Journal of Biotechnology, Lignin Biodegradation and Practical Utilization, 30, 9–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1656(93)90022-F
Vivekanand, V., Olsen, E. F., Eijsink, V. G. H., & Horn, S. J. (2013). Effect of different steam explosion conditions on methane potential and enzymatic saccharification of birch. Bioresource Technology, 127, 343–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.09.118
Wahid, R., Hjorth, M., Kristensen, S., & Møller, H. B. (2015). Extrusion as pretreatment for boosting methane production: Effect of screw configurations. Energy & Fuels, 29, 4030–4037. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b00191
Wang, D., Yan, L., Ma, X., Wang, W., Zou, M., Zhong, J., Ding, T., Ye, X., & Liu, D. (2018). Ultrasound promotes enzymatic reactions by acting on different targets: Enzymes, substrates and enzymatic reaction systems. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 119, 453–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.133
White, G. F., Russell, N. J., & Tidswell, E. C. (1996). Bacterial scission of ether bonds. Microbiological Reviews, 60, 216–232.
Wubah, D. A., Akin, D. E., & Borneman, W. S. (1993). Biology, fiber-degradation, and enzymology of anaerobic zoosporic fungi. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 19, 99–115. https://doi.org/10.3109/10408419309113525
Yachmenev, V., Condon, B., Klasson, T., & Lambert, Allan. (2009). Acceleration of the enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover and sugar cane bagasse celluloses by low intensity uniform ultrasound. Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy, 3(1), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2009.1002
Yuan, J. S., Tiller, K. H., Al-Ahmad, H., Stewart, N. R., & Stewart, C. N. (2008). Plants to power: Bioenergy to fuel the future. Trends in Plant Science, 13, 421–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2008.06.001
Zámocký, M., Gasselhuber, B., Furtmüller, P. G., & Obinger, C. (2014). Turning points in the evolution of peroxidase–catalase superfamily: Molecular phylogeny of hybrid heme peroxidases. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 71, 4681–4696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-014-1643-y
Zhang, J., Siika-aho, M., Tenkanen, M., & Viikari, L. (2011). The role of acetyl xylan esterase in the solubilization of xylan and enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw and giant reed. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 4, 60. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-4-60
Zhang, Q., Hu, J., & Lee, D.-J. (2017). Pretreatment of biomass using ionic liquids: Research updates. Renewable Energy, 111, 77–84.
Zhang, Y., Cui, Y., Chen, P., Liu, S., Zhou, N., Ding, K., Fan, L., Peng, P., Min, M., Cheng, Y., Wang, Y., Wan, Y., Liu, Y., Li, B., & Ruan, R. (2019). Gasification technologies and their energy potentials. Sustainable resource recovery and zero waste approaches (pp. 193–206). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64200-4.00014-1
Zhao, X., Zhou, H., Sikarwar, V. S., Zhao, M., Park, A.-H.A., Fennell, P. S., Shen, L., & Fan, L.-S. (2017). Biomass-based chemical looping technologies: The good, the bad and the future. Energy & Environmental Science, 10, 1885–1910. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EE03718F
Zhuang, X., Wang, W., Yu, Q., Qi, W., Wang, Q., Tan, X., Zhou, G., & Yuan, Z. (2016). Liquid hot water pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production accompanying with high valuable products. Bioresource Technology, 199, 68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.051
Zoghlami, A., & Paës, G. (2019). Lignocellulosic biomass: Understanding recalcitrance and predicting hydrolysis. Frontiers in Chemistry, 7, 874. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2019.00874
Acknowledgements
Authors kindly acknowledge their respective Universities for providing kind support.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
SB and CP contributed equally to this work. Conceptualization was done by SB and CP; writing—original draft preparation were done by SB, CP, MPG and SP; writing—review and editing were done by MPG, SP, NR, DL, KC and SJ; review—editing were done by SP and SJ; all authors have read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interest or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Banerjee, S., Pandit, C., Gundupalli, M.P. et al. Life cycle assessment of revalorization of lignocellulose for the development of biorefineries. Environ Dev Sustain (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03360-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03360-4