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Pretreatment and Lignocellulosic Chemistry

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Abstract

Lignocellulosic materials such as wood, grass, and agricultural and forest residues are promising alternative energy resources that can be utilized to produce ethanol. The yield of ethanol production from native lignocellulosic material is relatively low due to its native recalcitrance, which is attributed to, in part, lignin content/structure, hemicelluloses, cellulose crystallinity, and other factors. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials is required to overcome this recalcitrance. The goal of pretreatment is to alter the physical features and chemical composition/structure of lignocellulosic materials, thus making cellulose more accessible to enzymatic hydrolysis for sugar conversion. Various pretreatment technologies to reduce recalcitrance and to increase sugar yield have been developed during the past two decades. This review examines the changes in lignocellulosic structure primarily in cellulose and hemicellulose during the most commonly applied pretreatment technologies including dilute acid pretreatment, hydrothermal pretreatment, and alkaline pretreatment.

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Abbreviations

DAP:

Dilute acid pretreatment

DP:

Degree of polymerization

LCC:

Lignin–carbohydrate complex

CS:

Combined severity

LODP:

Leveling-off degree of polymerization

CP:

Cross-polarization

MAS:

Magnetic angle spin

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

HMF:

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

LHW:

Liquid hot water

AFEX:

Ammonia fiber explosion

ARP:

Ammonia recycled percolation

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for the financial support from the Paper Science & Engineering (PSE) fellowship program at Institute of Paper Science & Technology (IPST) and the School of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Georgia Institute of Technology.

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  1. BioEnergy Science Center, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA

    Fan Hu & Art Ragauskas

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Hu, F., Ragauskas, A. Pretreatment and Lignocellulosic Chemistry. Bioenerg. Res. 5, 1043–1066 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-012-9208-0

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