Abstract
The present study portrays an association between particle-bound transition metals and children's health. The indoor air quality of the urban metropolitan city households was monitored for four PM sizes, namely PM1.0–2.5, PM0.50–1.0, PM0.25–0.50 and PM<0.25, in major seasons observed in the city; summer and winter. Further transition/heavy metals, viz. Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn, were analysed in PM1-2.5 samples. In order to evaluate the effect, health risk assessment was performed using mathematical and computational model for assessing dermal exposure and dose estimation (multiple path particle dosimetry model version3.0). The study principally targeted the children aged 2–15 years for the health risk assessment. According to the results, for the largest particle size i.e. PM1.0–2.5 the highest deposition was in the head region (49.1%) followed by pulmonary (43.6%) and tracheobronchial region (7.2%), whereas, for the smallest particle size i.e. PM<0.25 the highest deposition was obtained in the pulmonary region (73.0%) followed by the head (13.6%) and TB region (13.2%). Also, the most imperilled group of children with highest dose accumulation was found to be children aged 8–9 years for all particle sizes. Moreover, the dermal exposure dose as evaluated was found to be preeminent for Ni, Zn and Pb. Besides, seasonal variation gesticulated towards elevated concentrations in winter relative to the summer season. Altogether, the study will provide a conception to the researchers in the fields mounting season-specific guidelines and mitigation approaches. Conclusively, the study commends future work focussing on defining the effects of other chemical components on particles and associated transition metal composition along with proper extenuation of the same.
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Data availability
The dataset used in this paper is available from the corresponding author upon request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Dr. (Mrs.) V. Prakash, Principal, Isabella Thoburn College, Lucknow, for her support. Also, the authors are thankful to Dr. (Prof.) B.S. Rajanikanth, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, for analytical support and guidance.
Funding
This study was funded by Government of Uttar Pradesh for providing funds under the scheme of Research & Networking (Letter No. 107/2021/2584/session-4-2021-4(28)/2021).
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SD helped in methodology, field measurements, data analysis, writing original draft, review and editing; FZ curated and analysed the data; JM helped in lending instrument (Leland Legacy sample pump), TG was involved in review and editing; AL contributed to conceptualization, supervision, data analysis, review and editing.
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Dwivedi, S., Zehra, F., Masih, J. et al. Investigating the temporal dynamics of sub-micron particles and particle-bound transition metals in indoor air of a metropolitan city. Environ Geochem Health 46, 49 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01786-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01786-3