Abstract
The success of in vitro 3D models in either recapitulating the normal tissue physiology or altered physiology or disease condition depends upon the identification and/or quantification of relevant biomarkers that confirm the functionality of these models. Various skin disorders, such as psoriasis, photoaging, vitiligo, etc., and cancers like squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma, etc. have been replicated via organotypic models. The disease biomarkers expressed by such cell cultures are quantified and compared with the biomarkers expressed in cultures depicting the normal tissue physiology, to identify the most prominent variations in their expression. This may also indicate the stage or reversal of these conditions upon treatment with relevant therapeutics. This review article presents an overview of the important biomarkers that have been identified in in-vitro 3D models of skin diseases as endpoints for validating the functionality of these models.
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(Adapted from Alsharabasy A et al., 2021; under CC BY 4.0) (Alsharabasy and Pandit 2021)
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Data availability
Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current review article.
Abbreviations
- FLG:
-
Filaggrin
- LOR:
-
Loricrin
- CA2:
-
Carbonic anhydrase 2
- NELL2:
-
Neural epidermal growth factor like2
- IHC:
-
Immunohistochemical staining
- TSLP:
-
Thymic stromal lymphopoeitin
- RHPE:
-
Reconstructed human pigmented epidermis
- TGFβ:
-
Transforming growth factor β
- MCP-1:
-
Monocyte chemo-attractant protein
- SPARC:
-
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine
- LESA MS:
-
Liquid extraction surface analysis MS
- H and E:
-
Haematoxylin and Eosin staining
- PAS:
-
Periodic acid-Schiff staining
- COL1A1:
-
Collagen type I A1
- COL7A1:
-
Collagen type VII A1
- CCND1:
-
Cyclin D1
- DCN:
-
Decorin
- ELN:
-
Elastin
- FBN1:
-
Fibrillin 1
- GPX1:
-
Glutathione peroxidase 1
- GSR:
-
Glutathione reductase
- IL1α:
-
Interleukin 1α
- IL10:
-
Interleukin 10
- ITGβ1:
-
Integrin β1
- IVL:
-
Involucrin
- MMP1:
-
Matrix metalloproteinase 1
- MMP9:
-
Matrix metalloproteinase-9
- CPDs:
-
Cyclopyrimidine dimers
- 4-HNE:
-
4-Hydroxynonenal
- GmCSF:
-
Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- α-SMA:
-
Alpha smooth muscle actin
- ECML:
-
Extra Cellular Matrix
- FFAs:
-
Free Fatty Acids
- SCC:
-
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- MMPs:
-
Matrix Metalloproteinases
- DEJ:
-
Dermal Epidermal Junction
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- TNF:
-
Tumor Necrosis Factor
- IFN:
-
Interferon
- MGP:
-
Matrix Gla Protein
- VEFG:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor
- MCP:
-
Monocyte chemoattractant protein
- CPD:
-
Cyclo-pyrimidine dimers
- DP:
-
Dermal Papilla
- ALP:
-
Alkaline Phosphatase
- NCAM:
-
Neural cell adhesion molecule
- SMA:
-
Smooth Muscle antibody
- BMP:
-
Bone morphogenetic protein
- PAS:
-
Periodic acid-Schiff
- MTT:
-
3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium Bromide
- C/EBPβ:
-
C/CAAT-enhancer-binding proteins
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Corresponding authors, R.J. and P.D. are thankful to Department of Biotechnology (DBT-ATGC) and Department of Science and Technology (DST-PURSE), Government of India for providing financial support.
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D.C. is financially supported by Department of Biotechnology (DBT-ATGC) and Department of Science and Technology (DST-PURSE), Government of India.
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Chaturvedi, D., Paranjape, S., Jain, R. et al. Disease-related biomarkers as experimental endpoints in 3D skin culture models. Cytotechnology 75, 165–193 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10616-023-00574-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10616-023-00574-2