Abstract
High-performance supercapacitors are in an Increasing demand with tremendous energy consumption and technological progress. Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) is regarded as a promising electrode material for supercapacitor due to its high surface area and excellent electrochemical properties. However, restacking and lateral aggregation are still hampering the performance of RGO. In this study, the 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltri methyl ammonium chloride (QA) functionalized bacterial cellulose (QBC) was introduced to prepare novel QBC-RGO composites with superior electrochemical performance. The interaction between the QA group and BC resulted in further exfoliation of RGO sheets and improved electrolyte absorption. Therefore, RGO was uniformly dispersed in QBC matrix to form a fast electron transport network with facilitated electrolyte access. The maximum specific capacitance (356 F/g) of QBC-RGO electrode at 1 A/g was obtained in 1.0 mol/L H2SO4 electrolyte in a three-electrode system, a value much higher than that of BC-RGO electrode (160 F/g). The energy density and power density of the QBC-RGO symmetrical supercapacitor were 31.6 Wh/kg and 400.0 W/kg, respectively. Moreover, 96.7% capacitance retention was found for QBC-RGO electrode after 10,000 cycles. The excellent performance of QBC-RGO3 electrode is derived from the continuous uniform 3D structure, good wettability, suggesting its great potential for energy storage devices.
Graphical abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article and supporting information.
References
Ahmad M, Soomro U, Muqeet M, Ahmed Z (2021) Adsorption of indigo carmine dye onto the surface-modified adsorbent prepared from municipal waste and simulation using deep neural network. J Hazard Mater 408:124433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124433
Alexander A, Suchismita G, Bao W (2008) Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene. Nano Lett 8(3):902–907. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0731872
Amir Faiz M, Che Azurahanim C, Raba’ah S, Ruzniza M (2020) Low cost and green approach in the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) using palm oil leaves extract for potential in industrial applications. Results Phys. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2020.102954
Ashok Kumar K, Pandurangan A, Arumugam S, Sathiskumar M (2019) Effect of bi-functional hierarchical flower-like CoS nanostructure on its interfacial charge transport kinetics, magnetic and electrochemical behaviors for supercapacitor and DSSC spplications. Sci Rep 9:1228. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37463-0
Azman N, Mamat Mat Nazir M, Ngee L, Sulaiman Y (2018) Graphene-based ternary composites for supercapacitors. Int J Energy Res 42:2104–2116. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.4001
Barakzehi M, Montazer M, Sharif F, Norby T, Chatzitakis A (2019) A textile-based wearable supercapacitor using reduced graphene oxide/polypyrrole composite. Electrochim Acta 305:187–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.03.058
Bayir E, Bilgi E, Hames E, Sendemir A (2019) Production of hydroxyapatite-bacterial cellulose composite scaffolds with enhanced pore diameters for bone tissue engineering applications. Cellulose 26:9803–9817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02763-9
Bazan-Aguilar A, Ponce-Vargas M, Caycho C, La Rosa-Toro A, Baena-Moncada A (2020) Highly porous reduced graphene oxide-coated carbonized cotton fibers as supercapacitor electrodes. ACS Omega 5:32149–32159. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c02370
Borenstein A, Strauss V, Kowal M, Yoonessi M, Muni M, Anderson M (2018) Laser-reduced graphene-oxide/ferrocene: a 3-d redox-active composite for supercapacitor electrodes. J Mater Chem A 6:20463. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta08249a
Chaichi A, Wang Y, Gartia M (2018) Substrate engineered interconnected graphene electrodes with ultrahigh energy and power densities for energy storage applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10:21235–21245. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b03020
Chen G, Chen T, Hou K, Ma W, Tebyetekerwa M, Cheng Y, Weng W, Zhu M (2018) Robust, hydrophilic graphene/cellulose nanocrystal fiber-based electrode with high capacitive performance and conductivity. Carbon. 127:218–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.11.012
Cheong Y, Nasir M, Bakandritsos A, Pykal M, Jakubec P, Zbořil R, Otyepka M, Pumera M (2019) Cyanographene and graphene acid: the functional group of graphene derivative determines the application in electrochemical sensing and capacitors. Chem Electro Chem 6:229–234. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201800675
Choi H, Jung S, Seo J, Chang D, Dai L, Baek J (2012) Graphene for energy conversion and storage in fuel cells and supercapacitors. Nano Energy. 1:534–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.05.001
Chu Y, Sun Y, Wu W, Xiao H (2020) Dispersion properties of nanocellulose: a review. Carbohydr Polym 250:116892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116892
Cizova A, Nescakova Z, Malovikova A, Bystricky S (2016) Preparation and characterization of cationic and amphoteric mannans from candida albicans. Carbohydr Polym 149:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.083
De Adhikari A, Oraon R, Tiwari S, Lee J, Nayak G (2015) Effect of waste cellulose fibres on the charge storage capacity of polypyrrole and graphene/polypyrrole electrodes for supercapacitor application. RSC Adv 5:27347–27355. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra16174b
Feng C, Ren P, Huo M, Dai Z, Liang D, Jin Y, Ren F (2020) Facile synthesis of trimethylammonium grafted cellulose foams with high capacity for selective adsorption of anionic dyes from water. Carbohydr Polym 241:116369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116369
French AD (2014) Idealized powder diffraction patterns for cellulose polymorphs. Cellulose 21:885–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-0030-4
Gao K, Shao Z, Li J, Wang X, Peng X, Wang W, Wang F (2013) Cellulose nanofiber–graphene all solid-state flexible supercapacitors. J Mater Chem A 1:63–67. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2TA00386D
Guan F, Chen S, Sheng N, Chen Y, Yao J, Pei Q, Wang H (2019) Mechanically robust reduced graphene oxide/bacterial cellulose film obtained via biosynthesis for flexible supercapacitor. Chem Eng J 360:829–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.202
Gui Z, Zhu H, Gillette E, Han X, Rubloff G, Hu L, Lee S (2013) Natura cellulose fiber as substrate for supercapacitor. ACS Nano. 7:6037–6046. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn401818t
Hao Y, Liu Z, Chen X, Liu J, Tang Q, Hu A, Chen X (2020) A bottom-up in-situ preparation of graphene-like porous carbon for ultrahigh surface area specific capacitance supercapacitors. Chem Nano Mat 6:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.202000429
He X, Tang Z, Gao L, Wang F, Zhao J, Miao Z, Wu X, Zhou J, Yang S, Zhuo S (2020) Facile and controllable synthesis N-doping porous graphene for high-performance supercapacitor. J Electroanal Chem 871:114311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114311
Hekmat F, Shahrokhian S, Taghavinia N (2018) Ultralight flexible asymmetric supercapacitors based on manganese dioxide–polyaniline nanocomposite and reduced graphene oxide electrodes directly deposited on foldable cellulose papers. J Phys Chem C 122:27156–27168. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b07464
Him N, Apau C, Azmi N (2016) Effect of temperature and pH on deinking of laser-jet waste paper using commercial lipase and esterase. J Life Sci Technol 4:1–4. https://doi.org/10.18178/jolst.4.2.79-83
Hou M, Xu M, Hu Y, Li B (2019) Nanocellulose incorporated graphene/polypyrrole film with a sandwich-like architecture for preparing flexible supercapacitor electrodes. Electrochim Acta 313:245–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.05.037
Huang L, Santiago D, Loyselle P, Dai L (2018) Graphene-based nanomaterials for flexible and wearable supercapacitors. Small 14:e1800879. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cs00316k
Jozala A, de Lencastre-Novaes L, Lopes A, de Carvalho S-EV, Mazzola P, Pessoa A, Grotto D, Gerenutti M, Chaud M (2016) Bacterial nanocellulose production and application: a 10-year overview. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 100:2063–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-7243-4
Kafy A, Akther A, Zhai L, Kim H, Kim J (2017) Porous cellulose/graphene oxide nanocomposite as flexible and renewable electrode material for supercapacitor. Synth Met 223:94–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2016.12.010
Kamiński K, Jarosz M, Grudzień J, Pawlik J, Koodziejczyk AM (2020) Hydrogel bacterial cellulose: a path to improved materials for new eco-friendly textiles. Cellulose 27:5353–5365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03128-3
Krishnamoorthy K, Pazhamalai P, Mariappan V, Mok Y, Kim S (2019) A highly efficient 2D siloxene coated Ni foam catalyst for methane dry reforming and an effective approach to recycle the spent catalyst for energy storage applications. J Mater Chem A 7:18950–18958. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta03584b
Lee K, Yoon Y, Cho Y, Lee S, Shin Y, Lee H, Lee H (2016) Tunable sub-nanopores of graphene flake interlayers with conductive molecular linkers for supercapacitors. ACS Nano 10:6799–6807. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b02415
Lee H, Choi J, Park J, Jang S, Lee S (2020) Role of pnions on electrochemical exfoliation of graphite into graphene in aqueous acids. Carbon 167:816–825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.06.044
Li Q, Guo X, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Ge C, Zhao L, Wang X, Zhang H, Chen J, Wang Z, Sun L (2017) Porous graphene paper for supercapacitor applications. J Mater Sci Technol 33:793–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2017.03.018
Li Z, Tian M, Sun X, Zhao H, Zhu S, Zhang X (2019) Flexible all-solid planar fibrous cellulose nonwoven fabric-based supercapacitor via capillarity-assisted graphene/MnO2 assembly. J Alloys Compd 782:986–994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.12.254
Lin Z, Guan Z, Huang Z (2013) New bacterial cellulose/polyaniline nanocomposite film with one conductive side through constrained interfacial polymerization. Ind Eng Chem Res 52:2869–2874. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie303297b
Liu Y, Ma K, Li R, Ren X, Huang T (2013) Antibacterial cotton treated with N-halamine and quaternary ammonium salt. Cellulose 20:3123–3130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-0056-7
Liu L, Niu Z, Zhang L, Zhou W, Chen X, Xie S (2014) Nanostructured graphene composite papers for highly flexible and foldable supercapacitors. Adv Mater 26:4855–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201401513
Liu Y, Zhou J, Zhu E, Tang J, Liu X, Tang W (2015) Facile synthesis of bacterial cellulose fibres covalently intercalated with graphene oxide by one-step cross-linking for robust supercapacitors. J Phys Chem C 3:1011–1017. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4tc01822b
Liu R, Ma L, Huang S, Mei J, Xu J, Yuan G (2016) Large areal mass, flexible and freestanding polyaniline/bacterial cellulose/graphene film for high-performance supercapacitors. RSC Adv 6:107426–107432. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra21920a
Liu R, Ma L, Huang S, Mei J, Xu J, Yuan G (2017) A flexible polyaniline/graphene/bacterial cellulose supercapacitor electrode. New J Chem 41:857–864. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6nj03107b
Liu L, Hua S, Gao K (2020) Cellulose nanofiber based flexible N-doped carbon mesh for energy storage electrode with super folding endurance. Mater Today Energy 17:100441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2020.100441
Liu K, Hu J, Kong Z, Hu J, Tian Z, Hou J, Qin J, Liu C, Liang S (2021) High-yield, high-conductive graphene/nanocellulose hybrids prepared by co-exfoliation of low-oxidized expanded graphite and microfibrillated cellulose. Compos Part B Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109250
Luo H, Dong J, Zhang Y, Li G, Guo R, Zuo G, Ye M, Wang Z, Yang Z, Wan Y (2018) Constructing 3D bacterial cellulose/graphene/polyaniline nanocomposites by novel layer-by-layer in situ culture toward mechanically robust and highly flexible freestanding electrodes for supercapacitors. Chem Eng J 334:1148–1158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.11.065
Lyu S, Chang H, Fu F, Hu L, Huang J, Wang S (2016) Cellulose-coupled graphene/polypyrrole composite electrodes containing conducting networks built by carbon fibers as wearable supercapacitors with excellent foldability and tailorability. J Power Sources 327:438–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.07.091
Ma L, Liu R, Niu H, Zhao M, Huang Y (2016) Flexible andfreestanding electrode based on polypyrrole/graphene/bacterial cellulose paper for supercapacitor. Compos Sci Technol 137:87–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2016.10.027
Malho J, Laaksonen P, Walther A, Ikkala O, Linder M (2012) Facile method for stiff, tough, and strong nanocomposites by direct exfoliation of multilayered graphene into native nanocellulose matrix. Biomacromolecules 13:1093–9. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm2018189
Mariappan V, Kim S, Sahoo S, Pazhamalai P, Krishnamoorthy K (2020) Carbothermal conversion of siloxene sheets into silicon-oxy-carbide lamellae for high-performance supercapacitors. Chem Eng J 387:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123886
Meryl D, Stoller S, Rodney S (2008) Graphene-based ultracapacitors. Nano Lett 8:3498–3502. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl802558y
Mohammadkazemi F, Azin M, Ashori A (2015) Production of bacterial cellulose using different carbon sources and culture media. Carbohydr Polym 117:518–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.10.008
Moloudi M, Rahmanifar M, Noori A, Chang X, Kaner R, Mousavi M (2012) Bioinspired polydopamine supported on oxygen-functionalized carbon cloth as a high-performance 1.2 V aqueous aymmetric metal-free supercapacitor. J Mater Chem A 9:7712. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ta12624a
Ouyang W, Sun J, Memon J, Wan C, Geng J, Huang Y (2013) Scalable preparation of three-dimensional porous structures of reduced graphene oxide/cellulose composites and their application in supercapacitors. Carbon 62:501–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.06.049
Pham V, Dickerson J (2016) Reduced graphene oxide hydrogels deposited in nickel foam for supercapacitor applications: toward high volumetric capacitance. J Phys Chem C 120:5353–5360. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b00326
Rath T, Kundu P (2015) Reduced graphene oxide paper based nanocomposite materials for flexible supercapacitors. RSC Adv 5:26666–26674. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra00563a
Sheng N, Chen S, Yao J, Guan F, Zhang M, Wang B, Wu Z, Ji P, Wang H (2019) Polypyrrole@TEMPO-oxidized bacterial cellulose/reduced graphene oxide macrofibers for flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors. Chem Eng J 368:1022–1032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.02.173
Son Y, Park S (2020) Influence of carboxymethyl cellulose content on structures and electrochemical behaviors of reduced graphene oxide films. Electrochim Acta 330:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135219
Subramanian S, Johny M, Malamal Neelanchery M, Ansari S (2018) Self-discharge and voltage recovery in graphene supercapacitors. IEEE Trans Power Electron 33:10410–10418. https://doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2018.2810889
Sumboja A, Foo C, Wang X, Lee P (2013) Large areal mass, flexible and free-standing reduced graphene oxide/manganese dioxide paper for asymmetric supercapacitor device. Adv Mater 25:2809–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201205064
Wang X, Kong D, Wang B, Song Y, Zhi L (2016) Activated pyrolysed bacterial cellulose as electrodes for supercapacitors. Sci China Chem 59:713–718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-016-5597-9
Wang X, Kong D, Zhang Y, Wang B, Li X, Qiu T, Song Q, Ning J (2016) All-biomaterial supercapacitor derived from bacterial cellulose. Nanoscale 8:9146–50. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6nr01485b
Wang B, Qin Y, Tan W, Tao Y, Kong Y (2017) Smartly designed 3D N-doped mesoporous graphene for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. Electrochim Acta 241:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.04.120
Wang P, Zhou C, Wang S, Kong H, Li Y, Li S, Sun S (2017) Facial synthesis of MnO2/three dimensional graphene composite and its application in supercapacitors. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 28:12514–12522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-7074-4
Wang Y, Fu Q, Bai Y, Ning X, Yao C (2019) Construction and application of nanocellulose/graphene/MnO2 three-dimensional composites as potential electrode materials for supercapacitors. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 31:1236–1246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-019-02635-9
Weng Z, Su Y, Wang D, Li F, Du J, Cheng H (2011) Graphene-cellulose paper flexible supercapacitors. Adv Energy Mater 1:917–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201100312
Xing B, Yuan R, Zhang C, Huang G, Guo H, Chen Z, Chen L, Yi G (2017) Facile synthesis of graphene nanosheets from humic acid for supercapacitors. Fuel Process Technol 165:112–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.05.021
Xing J, Tao P, Wu Z, Xing C, Liao X, Nie S (2019) Nanocellulose-graphene composites: a promising nanomaterial for flexible supercapacitors. Carbohydr Polym 207:447–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.010
Xu X, Hsieh Y (2019) Aqueous exfoliated graphene by amphiphilic nanocellulose and its application in moisture-responsive foldable actuators. Nanoscale 11:11719–11729. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr01602c
Yang H, Jun Y, Yun Y (2019) Ultraviolet response of reduced graphene oxide/natural cellulose yarns with high flexibility. Compos Part B Eng 163:710–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019a.01.051
Yang Q, Yang J, Gao Z, Li B, Xiong C (2019) Carbonized cellulose nanofibril/graphene oxide composite aerogels for high-performance supercapacitors. ACS Appl Energy Mater 3:1145–1151. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.9b02195
Yu A, Roes I, Davies A, Chen Z (2010) Ultrathin, transparent, and flexible graphene films for supercapacitor application. Appl Phys Lett. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3455879
Yuan K, Xu Y, Uihlein J, Brunklaus G, Shi L, Heiderhoff R, Que M, Forster M, Chasse T, Pichler T (2015) Straightforward generation of pillared, microporous graphene frameworks for use in supercapacitors. Adv Mater 27:6714–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201503390
Yuan J, Yi C, Jiang H, Liu F, Cheng G (2021) Direct ink writing of hierarchically porous cellulose/alginate monolithic hydrogel as a highly effective adsorbent for environmental applications. ACS Appl Polym Mater 3:699–709. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.0c01002
Yun X, Lu B, Xiong Z, Jia B, Tang B, Mao H (2019) Direct 3d printing of a graphene oxide hydrogel for fabrication of a high areal specific capacitance microsupercapacitor. RSC Adv 9:29384–29395. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra04882kz
Zhang H, Guo H, Wang B, Shi S, Xiong L, Chen X (2016) Synthesis and characterization of quaternized bacterial cellulose prepared in homogeneous aqueous solution. Carbohydr Polym 136:171–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.029
Zhang Y, Shang Z, Shen M, Chowdhury S, Ignaszak A, Sun S (2019) Cellulose nanofibers/reduced graphene oxide/polypyrrole aerogel electrodes for high-capacitance flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:11175–11185. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b00321
Zheng Q, Cai Z, Ma Z, Gong S (2015) Cellulose nanofibril/reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube hybrid aerogels for highly flexible and all-solid-state supercapacitors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:3263–71. https://doi.org/10.1021/am507999s
Zheng Q, Kvit A, Cai Z, Ma Z, Gong S (2017) A freestanding cellulose nanofibril–reduced graphene oxide–molybdenum oxynitride aerogel film electrode for all-solid-state supercapacitors with ultrahigh energy density. J Mater Chem A 5:12528–12541. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta03093b
Zhou J, Feng H, Wang Y, Sun Q, Liu Y, Liu X, Zhang L, Cao S (2021) Flexible random resistive access memory devices with ferrocene-rGO nanocomposites for artificial synapses. J Mater Chem C 9:5749–5757. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1tc00227a
Zhu Y, Murali S, Cai W, Li X (2010) Graphene and graphene oxide:synthesis, properties, and applications. Adv Mater 22:3906–3924. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201001068
Zou Z, Zhou W, Zhang Y, Yu H, Hu C, Xiao W (2019) High-performance flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor constructed by free-standing cellulose/reduced graphene oxide/silver nanoparticles composite film. Chem Eng J 357:45–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.09.143
Acknowledgements
The authors express sincere thanks to the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Nos. 21978164, 22078189 and 22105120]; Outstanding Youth Science Fund of Shaanxi Province [No.2021JC-046] and Special Support Program for high level talents of Shaanxi Province; Innovation Support Program of Shaanxi Province [2021JZY-001]; Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province [No. 2020GY-243]; Special Research Fund of Education Department of Shaanxi [No. 20JK0535]; National High-end Foreign Expert Project [No. GDW20186100428]; Korean Brain Pool Program [2021H1D3A2A02082663].
Funding
We are grateful for the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Nos. 21978164, 22078189 and 22105120]; Outstanding Youth Science Fund of Shaanxi Province [No. 2021JC-046] and Special Support Program for high level talents of Shaanxi Province; Innovation Support Program of Shaanxi Province [2021JZY-001]; Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province [No. 2020GY-243]; Special Research Fund of Education Department of Shaanxi [No. 20JK0535]; National High-end Foreign Expert Project [No. GDW20186100428]; Korean Brain Pool Program [2021H1D3A2A02082663].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by YW, WZ, LS, ST, HN, YD, GH, MW. The first draft of the manuscript was written by YW and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. GF, YW designed experiment scheme and wrote the manuscript; HW, KS concepetualized the work, designed experiment, reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interests
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Consent to participate
All authors consent to participating in this work.
Consent for publication
All authors consent to publishing this work.
Ethics approval
The authors confirm that there were no ethical issues in preparing this manuscript.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Fei, G., Wang, Y., Wang, H. et al. Maximizing ion accessibility and electron transport in cationic bacterial cellulose/graphene electrode with superior capacitance and cycling stability. Cellulose 30, 7047–7062 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05269-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05269-7