Abstract
With the gradual depletion of non-renewable resources and growing environmental problems, the research of cellulosic materials has become one of the most pressing concerns for scientists. Cellulose is a glucose-based macromolecular polymer that is insoluble in water and most organic solvents. By virtue of their renewability, sustainability, biodegradability as well as excellent and tunable optical performance, cellulose composite films with high transmittance and high haze have attracted significant attention in recent years, and have potential applications in flexible lighting and displays, anti-reflection and anti-glare coatings, etc. In this article, the latest progress in recent years in the preparation of cellulose materials with high light transmittance and high haze was reviewed. An overview of preparation and properties of cellulose materials with high light transmittance and high haze was discussed, including nanocellulose films, regenerated cellulose films, carboxymethylcellulose films and others. The potential applications are described and the challenges are highlighted.
Graphical Abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aaen R, Simon S, Brodin FW, Syverud K (2019) The potential of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils as rheology modifiers in food systems. Cellulose 26:5483–5496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02448-3
Akira I, Tsuguyuki S, Hayaka F (2011) TEMPO-Oxidized cellulose nanofibers. Nanoscale 3:71–85. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0NR00583E
Alipour A, Zarinabadi S, Azimi A, Mirzaei M (2020) Adsorptive removal of Pb (II) ions from aqueous solutions by thiourea-functionalized magnetic ZnO/nanocellulose composite: optimization by response surface methodology (RSM). Int J Biol Macromol 151:124–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.109
Alonso-Lerma B, Larraza I, Barandiaran L, Ugarte L, Saralegi A, Corcuera MA, Perez-Jimenez R, Eceiza A (2021) Enzymatically produced cellulose nanocrystals as reinforcement for waterborne polyurethane and its applications. Carbohydr Polym 254:117478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117478
Bahsis L, Ayouchia HB, Anane H, Benhamou K, Kaddami H, Julve M, Stiriba SE (2018) Cellulosecopper as bio-supported recyclable catalyst for the clickable azide-alkyne [3+2] cycloaddition reaction in water. Int J Biol Macromol 119:849–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.200
Bai SL, Sun CZ, Wan PB, Wang C, Luo RX, Li Y, Liu JF, Sun XM (2015) Transparent conducting films of hierarchically nanostructured polyaniline networks on flexible substrates for high-performance gas sensors. Small 11:306–310. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201401865
Belbekhouche S, Bras J, Siqueira G, Chappey C, Lebrun L, Khelifi B, Marais S, Dufresne A (2011) Water sorption behavior and gas barrier properties of cellulose whiskers and microfibrils films. Carbohydr Polym 83:1740–1748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.10.036
Bella F, Galliano S, Falco M, Viscardi G, Barolo C, Grätzel M, Gerbaldi C (2017) Approaching truly sustainable solar cells by the use of water and cellulose derivatives. Green Chem 19:1043–1051. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6gc02625g
Boluk Y, Lahiji R, Zhao L, McDermott MT (2011) Suspension viscosities and shape parameter of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). Colloid Surf A 377:297–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.01.003
Brongersma ML, Cui Y, Fan SH (2014) Light management for photovoltaics using high-index nanostructures. Nat Mater 13:451–460. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3921
Chang H, Yao SQ, Kang XN, Zhang XY, Ma NN, Zhang MY, Li XP, Zhang Z (2020) Flexible, transparent, and hazy cellulose nanopaper with efficient near-Infrared luminescence fabricated by 2D lanthanide (Ln = Nd, Yb, or Er) metal-organic-framework-grafted oxidized cellulose nanofibrils. Inorg Chem 59:16611–16621. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02518
Chen F, Bouvard JL, Sawada D, Pradille C, Hummel M, Sixta H, Budtova T (2021) Exploring digital image correlation technique for the analysis of the tensile properties of all-cellulose composites. Cellulose 28:4165–4178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03807-9
Cheng YX, Tian WD, Mi QY, Zheng XJ, Zhang J (2020) Highly transparent all-polysaccharide composite films with tailored transmission haze for light manipulation. Adv Mater Technol 5:2000378. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202000378
Choi HY, Jeong YG (2019) Microstructures and piezoelectric performance of eco-friendly composite films based on nanocellulose and barium titanate nanoparticle. Compos Part B-Eng 168:58–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.12.072
Chung HH, Lu S (2003) Contrast-ratio analysis of sunlight-readable color LCDs for outdoor applications. J Soc Inf Display. https://doi.org/10.1889/1.1831713
Cui X, Hiraoka T, Honda T, Hsu Y, Asoh T, Uyama H (2021) Oligoether grafting on cellulose microfibers for dispersion in poly (propylene glycol) and fabrication of reinforced polyurethane composite. Compos Sci Technol 202:108595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108595
Elsayed S, Hummel M, Sawada D, Guizani C, Rissanen M, Sixta H (2020) Superbase-based protic ionic liquids for cellulose filament spinning. Cellulose 28:533–547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03505-y
Eltaweil AS, Elgarhy GS, El-Subruiti GM, Omer AM (2020) Carboxymethyl cellulose/Carboxylated graphene oxide composite microbeads for efficient adsorption of cationic methylene blue dye. Int J Biol Macromol 154:307–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.122
Fang ZQ, Zhu HL, Bao WZ, Preston C, Liu Z, Dai JP, Li YY, Hu LB (2014) Highly transparent paper with tunable haze for green electronics. Energy Environ Sci 7:3313–3319. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ee02236j
Fitz-Gerald JM, Piqué A, Chrisey DB, Rack PD, Zeleznik M, Auyeung RCY, Lakeou S (2000) Laser direct writing of phosphor screens for high-definition displays. Appl Phys Lett 76(11):1386–1388. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.126040
Fujisaki Y, Koga H, Nakajima Y, Nakata M, Tsuji H, Yamamoto T (2014) Transparent nanopaper-based flexible organic thin-film transistor array. Adv Funct Mater 24:1657–1663. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201303024
Gao T, Haghanifar S, Lindsay MG, Lu P, Kayes MI, Pafchek BD, Leu PW (2018) Fundamental performance limits and haze evaluation of metal nanomesh transparent conductors. Adv Opt Mater 6(9):1700829. https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201700829
Guan QF, Yang KP, Han ZM, Yang HB, Ling ZC, Yin CH, Yu SH (2021) Sustainable multiscale high-haze transparent cellulose fiber film via a biomimetic approach. ACS Mater Lett 4:87–92. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.1c00630
Guo F, Azimi H, Hou Y, Przybilla T, Hu M, Bronnbauer C, Langner S, Spiecker E, Forberich K, Brabec CJ (2015) High-performance semitransparent perovskite solar cells with solution-processed silver nanowires as top electrodes. Nanoscale 7:1642–1649. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4nr06033d
Habibi Y, Lucia LA, Rojas OJ (2010) Cellulose nanocrystals: chemistry, self-assembly, and applications. Chem Rev 110:3479–3500. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr900339w
Haghanifar S, Lu P, Kayes MI, Tan SS, Kim KJ, Gao TC, Ohodnicki P, W. Leu P, (2018) Self-cleaning, high transmission, near unity haze OTS/silica nanostructured glass. J Mater Chem C 6:9191–9199. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc02513d
Hauru LK, Hummel M, Nieminen K, Michud A, Sixta H (2016) Cellulose regeneration and spinnability from ionic liquids. Soft Matter 12:1487–1495. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5sm02618k
He YQ, Li H, Fei X, Peng LC (2021) Carboxymethyl cellulose/cellulose nanocrystals immobilized silver nanoparticles as an effective coating to improve barrier and antibacterial properties of paper for food packaging applications. Carbohydr Polym 252:117156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117156
Hoeng F, Denneulin A, Bras J (2016) Use of nanocellulose in printed electronics: a review. Nanoscale 8:13131–13154. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6nr03054h
Hokkanen S, Bhatnagar A, Srivastava V, Suorsa V, Sillanpaa M (2018) Removal of Cd2+, Ni2+ and PO43- from aqueous solution by hydroxyapatite-bentonite clay-nanocellulose composite. Int J Biol Macromol 118:903–912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.095
Hou GY, Liu Y, Zhang D, Li GJ, Xie H, Fang ZQ (2020) Approaching theoretical haze of highly transparent all-cellulose composite films. ACS Appl Mater Inter 12:31998–32025. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c08586
Hou GY, Li GH, Chen H, Fang ZQ (2022) Rapid preparation of highly transparent paper with high built-in haze by an ion exchange approach. Chem Eng J 439:135776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.135776
Hou GY, Zhao SS, Li YJ, Fang ZQ, Isogai A (2022) Mechanically robust, flame-retardant phosphorylated cellulose films with tunable optical properties for light management in LEDs. Carbohydr Polym 298:120129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120129
Hsieh MC, Kim C, Nogi M, Suganuma K (2013) Electrically conductive lines on cellulose nanopaper for flexible electrical devices. Nanoscale 5:9289–9295. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nr01951a
Hsieh MC, Koga H, Suganuma K, Nogi M (2017) Hazy transparent cellulose nanopaper. Sci Rep-UK 7:41590. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41590
Hu LB, Zheng GY, Yao J, Liu N, Weil B, Eskilsson M, Karabulut E, Ruan ZC, Fan SH, Bloking JT, McGehee JD, Wagberg L, Cui Y (2013) Transparent and conductive paper from nanocellulose fibers. Energy Environ Sci 6:513–518. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ee23635d
Hu W, Chen G, Liu Y, Liu YY, Li B, Fang ZQ (2018) Transparent and hazy all-cellulose composite films with superior mechanical properties. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6:6974–6980. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b00814
Hu YC, Hu FQ, Gan MX, Xie YM, Feng QH (2021) Facile one-step fabrication of all cellulose composites with unique optical performance from wood and bamboo pulp. Carbohydr Polym 274:118630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118630
Joo BY, Shin DH (2010) Design guidance of backlight optic for improvement of the brightness in the conventional edge-lit LCD backlight. Displays 31:87–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.displa.2010.02.004
Kasuga T, Isobe N, Yagyu H, Koga H, Nogi M (2018) Clearly transparent nanopaper from highly concentrated cellulose nanofiber dispersion using dilution and sonication. Nanomater-Basel 8:104–113. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8020104
Kim N, Kang H, Lee JH, Kee S, Lee SH, Lee K (2015) Highly conductive all-plastic electrodes fabricated using a novel chemically controlled transfer-printing method. Adv Mater 27:2317–2323. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201500078
Kim Y, Song Y, Kim H (2017) Preparation of transparent cellulose film with controlled haze using halloysite nanotubes. Cellulose 25:1239–1248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1625-y
Kim J, Hwang U, Kim NY, Choi K, Chung JY, Park IK, Suhr J, Lim T, Nam JD (2021) All-cellulose paper with high optical transmittance and haze fabricated via electrophoretic deposition. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 9:11110–11117. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c02869
Kuo HP, Chuang MY, Lin CC (2009) Design correlations for the optical performance of the particle-diffusing bottom diffusers in the LCD backlight unit. Powder Technol 192:116–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2008.12.003
Lay M, Mendez JA, Delgado-Aguilar M, Bun KN, Vilaseca F (2016) Strong and electrically conductive nanopaper from cellulose nanofibers and polypyrrole. Carbohydr Polym 152:361–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.102
Li MC, Wu QL, Song KL, Qing Y, Wu YQ (2015) Cellulose nanoparticles as modifiers for rheology and fluid loss in bentonite water-based fluids. ACS Appl Mater Inter 7:5006–5016. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b00498
Li Y, Vasileva E, Sychugov I, Popov S, Berglund L (2018) Optically transparent wood: recent progress, opportunities, and challenges. Adv Opt Mater 6:1800059. https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201800059
Li JY, Zhang XC, Zhang JM, Mi QY, Jia FW, Wu J, Yu J, Zhang J (2019a) Direct and complete utilization of agricultural straw to fabricate all-biomass films with high-strength, high-haze and UV-shielding properties. Carbohydr Polym 223:115057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115057
Li XP, Wang N, Zhang X, Chang H, Wang YY, Zhang Z (2019b) Optical haze regulation of cellulose nanopaper via morphological tailoring and nano-hybridization of cellulose nanoparticles. Cellulose 27:1315–1326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02876-1
Li X, Zhang X, Yao SQ, Chang H, Wang YY, Zhang Z (2020) UV-blocking, transparent and hazy cellulose nanopaper with superior strength based on varied components of poplar mechanical pulp. Cellulose 27:6563–6576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03236-0
Lin CM, Wang QH, Deng QD, Huang H, Huang F, Huang LL, Ni YH, Chen LH, Cao SL, Ma XJ (2019) Preparation of highly hazy transparent cellulose film from dissolving pulp. Cellulose 26:4061–4069. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02367-3
Liu BT, Teng YT (2010) A novel method to control inner and outer haze of an anti-glare film by surface modification of light-scattering particles. J Colloid Interf Sci 350:421–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2010.07.014
Liu YR, Wang YL, Nie Y, Wang CL, Ji XY, Zhou L, Pan FJ, Zhang SJ (2019) Preparation of MWCNTs-graphene-cellulose fiber with ionic liquids. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:20013–20021. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05489
Liu YL, Zhang SF, Lin R, Li L, Li M, Du M, Tang RH (2021) Potassium permanganate oxidation as a carboxylation and defibrillation method for extracting cellulose nanofibrils to fabricate films with high transmittance and haze. Green Chem 23:8069–8078. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1GC02657G
Lorenzen JA (2014) Green consumption and social change debates over responsibility, private action, and access. Sociol Compass 8:1063–1081. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12198
Ma B, Chaudhary JP, Zhu JG, Sun BJ, Chen CT, Sun DP (2021) Construction of silver nanoparticles anchored in carbonized bacterial cellulose with enhanced antibacterial properties. Colloid Surf A 611:125845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125845
Mekonnen TH, Haile T, Ly M (2021) Hydrophobic functionalization of cellulose nanocrystals for enhanced corrosion resistance of polyurethane nanocomposite coatings. Appl Surf Sci 540:148259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.148299
Nada AA, Abdellatif FHH, Ali EA, Abdelazeem RA, Soliman AAS, Abou-Zeid NY (2018) Cellulose-based click-scaffolds: Synthesis, characterization and biofabrications. Carbohydr Polym 199:610–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.049
Nawaz H, Tian WG, Zhang JM, Jia RN, Chen ZY, Zhang J (2018) Cellulose-based sensor containing phenanthroline for the highly selective and rapid detection of Fe2+ ions with naked eye and fluorescent dual modes. ACS Appl Mater Inter 10:2114–2121. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b17342
Nie XL, Wu SL, Huang FL, Li W, Qiao H, Wang QQ, Wei QF (2021) Dew-of-Leaf” structure multiple synergetic antimicrobial modality hybrid: A rapid and longlasting bactericidal material. Chem Eng J 416:129042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129072
Orelma H, Hokkanen A, Leppänen I, Kammiovirta K, Kapulainen M, Harlin A (2019) Optical cellulose fiber made from regenerated cellulose and cellulose acetate for water sensor applications. Cellulose 27:1543–1553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02882-3
Ou YG, Chen JB, Lu PB, Cheng F, Lin MY, Su LF, Li J, Liu DT (2017) Rapid ILs-polishing processes toward flexible nanostructured paper with dually high transparency and haze. Sci Rep 7:6943–6950. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-07008-y
Park HG, Khang DY (2016) High-performance light diffuser films by hierarchical buckling-based surface texturing combined with internal pores generated from physical gelation induced phase separation of binary polymer solution. Polymers 99:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2016.06.060
Pei ZX, Yu ZW, Li MN, Bai LJ, Wang WX, Chen H, Yang HW, Wei DL, Yang LX (2021) Self-healing and toughness cellulose nanocrystals nanocomposite hydrogels for strain-sensitive wearable flexible sensor. Int J Biol Macromol 179:324–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.023
Preston C, Xu YL, Han XG, Munday JN, Hu LB (2013) Optical haze of transparent and conductive silver nanowire films. Nano Res 6:461–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-013-0323-9
Reyes G, Lundahl MJ, Alejandro-Martin S, Arteaga-Perez LE, Oviedo C, King AWT, Rojas OJ (2020) Coaxial spinning of all-cellulose systems for enhanced toughness: filaments of oxidized nanofibrils sheathed in cellulose II regenerated from a protic ionic liquid. Biomacromol 21:878–891. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01559
Ringot C, Sol V, Granet R, Krausz P (2009) Porphyrin-grafted cellulose fabric: new photobactericidal material obtained by “Click-Chemistry” reaction. Mater Lett 63:1889–1891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2009.06.009
Roth B, Dos Reis Benatto GA, Corazza M, Søndergaard RR, Gevorgyan SA, Jørgensen M, Krebs FC (2015) The critical choice of PEDOT: PSS additives for long term stability of roll-to-roll processed OPVs. Adv Energy Mater 5:1401912. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201401912
Roy S, Rhim JW (2020) Carboxymethyl cellulose-based antioxidant and antimicrobial active packaging film incorporated with curcumin and zinc oxide. Int J Biol Macromol 148:666–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.204
Siqueira G, Abdillahi H, Bras J, Dufresne A (2009) High reinforcing capability cellulose nanocrystals extracted from Syngonanthus nitens (Capim Dourado). Cellulose 17:289–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-009-9384-z
Siró I, Plackett D (2010) Microfibrillated cellulose and new nanocomposite materials: a review. Cellulose 17:459–494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-010-9405-y
Song SS, Sun YJ, Lin YD, You B (2013) A facile fabrication of light diffusing film with LDP/polyacrylates composites coating for anti-glare LED application. Appl Surf Sci 273:652–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.02.103
Sun HD, Liu Y, Guo XF, Zeng KZ, Mondal AK, Li JG, Yao YG, Chen L (2021) Strong, robust cellulose composite film for efficient light management in energy efficient building. Chem Eng J 425:131469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.131469
Tian WG, Zhang JM, Yu J, Wu J, Nawaz H, Zhang J, He JS, Wang FS (2016) Cellulose-based solid fluorescent materials. Adv Opt Mater 4:2044–2050. https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201600500
Wang HQ, Li JC, Yu X, Yan GH, Tang X, Sun Y, Zen XH, Lin L (2021) Cellulose nanocrystalline hydrogel based on a choline chloride deep eutectic solvent as wearable strain sensor for human motion. Carbohydr Polym 255:117443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117443
Wang WL, Wang XB, Zhao XJ, Ren XX, Jiang WK, Zhao Z (2022) Two-sided, flexible, durable, highly transparent and hazy plastic-paper for green optoelectronics. Cellulose 29:3311–3322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04465-1
Winter A, Gindl-Altmutter W, Mandlez D, Bauer W, Eckhart R, Leitner J, Veigel S (2021) Reinforcement effect of pulp fines and microfibrillated cellulose in highly densified binderless paperboards. J Clean Prod 281:125258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125258
Xing JH, Tao P, Wu ZM, Xing CY, Liao XP, Nie SX (2019) Nanocellulose-graphene composites: a promising nanomaterial for flexible supercapacitors. Carbohydr Polym 207:447–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.010
Xu L, Li Y, Gao SY, Niu Y, Liu HX, Mei CT, Cai JB, Xu CY (2020) Preparation and properties of cyanobacteria-based carbon quantum dots/polyvinyl alcohol/nanocellulose composite. Polym-Basel 12:1143–1154. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12051143
Yang WS, Jiao L, Liu W, Deng YL, Dai HQ (2018) Morphology control for tunable optical properties of cellulose nanofibrils films. Cellulose 25:5909–5918. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1974-1
Yang WS, Jiao L, Liu W, Dai HQ (2019) Manufacture of highly transparent and hazy cellulose nanofibril films via coating TEMPO-oxidized wood fibers. Nanomater-Basel 9:107. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9010107
Zhou PP, Zhu PH, Chen G, Liu Y, Kuang YD, Liu YY, Fang ZQ (2018) A study on the transmission haze and mechanical properties of highly transparent paper with different fiber species. Cellulose 25:2051–2061. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1663-0
Zhou L, Kang ZQ, Nie Y, Li LY (2021) Fabrication of regenerated cellulose fibers with good strength and biocompatibility from green spinning process of ionic liquid. Macromol Mater Eng 306:2000741. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.202000741
Zhu HL, Parvinian S, Preston C, Vaaland O, Ruan ZC, Hu LB (2013a) Transparent nanopaper with tailored optical properties. Nanoscale 5:3787–3792. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nr00520h
Zhu HL, Xiao ZG, Liu DT, Li YY, Weadock NJ, Fang ZQ, Huang JS, Hu LB (2013b) Biodegradable transparent substrates for flexible organic-light-emitting diodes. Energy Environ Sci 6:2105–2111. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ee40492g
Zhu HL, Fang ZQ, Wang Z, Dai JP, Yao YG, Shen F, Preston C, Wu WX, Peng P, Jang N, Yu QK, Yu ZF, Hu LB (2016a) Extreme light management in mesoporous wood cellulose paper for optoelectronics. ACS Nano 10:1369–1377. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b06781
Zhu M, Li T, Davis CS, Yao Y, Dai J, Wang Y, Hu L (2016b) Transparent and haze wood composites for highly efficient broadband light management in solar cells. Nano Energy 26:332–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.05.020
Zhu M, Yan XX, Li X, Dai L, Guo JH, Lei YT, Xu YJ, Xu HL (2022) Flexible, transparent, and hazy composite cellulosic film with interconnected silver nanowire networks for EMI shielding and Joule heating. ACS Appl Mater Inter 14:45697–45706. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c13035
Zou WH, Wang ZH, Sun DL, Ji XQ, Zhang PF, Zhu ZH (2020) Transparent cellulose nanofibrils composites with two-layer delignified rotary-cutting poplar veneers (0°-layer and 90°-layer) for light acquisition of solar cell. Sci Rep 10:1947–1953. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58941-4
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (U2004211) and Opening Fund of CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, China (No. 20200010).
Funding
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (U2004211) and Opening Fund of CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, China (No. 20200010).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. JZ and XZ had the idea for the article. RP, YC, YP, WT, YJ and KT performed the literature search and data analysis. The first draft of the manuscript was written by RP. JL, JZ and XZ critically revised the work.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they do not have any conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Pan, R., Cheng, Y., Pei, Y. et al. Cellulose materials with high light transmittance and high haze: a review. Cellulose 30, 4813–4826 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05172-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05172-1