Abstract
Aging-related abnormal bone metabolism can have detrimental effects on bone microstructure and significantly increases fracture occurrence in the older population. Injectable bone cement has been commonly used to augment porous and fragile bones. The self-setting calcium phosphate silicate cement (CPSC) has recently been proven suitable for bone tissue engineering. Unfortunately, the inadequate mechanical properties of CPSC limit its utilization as implants for load-bearing applications. One primary purpose of this study is to improve the mechanical properties of CPSC using different cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). It is shown that the mechanical properties of CPSC could be enhanced by adding 2% mass fractions of CNFs, carboxylate CNFs (CNF-C) and silanized CNFs (CNF-SH), and the reinforcing effects on the mechanical property of CPSC could be ranked as CNF-SH > CNFs > CNF-C. In addition, the Young's modulus of the CPSC pellet modified with CNF-SH (~ 10 GPa) was proved to be close to that of trabecular bone (~ 11.4 GPa). Unlike other studies, where the mechanical properties of bone cement were improved at the cost of decreasing handleability, our approach could simultaneously increase both qualities of the CPSC paste. Furthermore, the in vitro biocompatibility analyses proved that the nanofiber-modified CPSC was biocompatible and encouraged the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast cells. In summary, the injectable CPSC bone cement can be better enhanced by CNF-SH than CNFs or CNF-C, and the resultant nanofiber-reinforced bone cement is a promising candidate as a bone substitute biomaterial.
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The authors disclose receipts of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and publication of this article: This work was sponsored by Project 51502034, 51872042 and 82101525 supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Project 2021-YGJC-12 support by Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province.
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The authors disclose receipts of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and publication of this article: This work was sponsored by Project 51502034, 51872042 and 82101525 supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Project 2021-YGJC-12 support by Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province.
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All authors contributed to the study's conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by XJ and YC, the in vitro assays were accomplished by XL and JZ, and data visualization was processed by JZ. TG and QW wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Gong, T., Ji, X., Liu, X. et al. Different cellulose nanofibers impact properties of calcium phosphate silicate cement for bone tissue engineering. Cellulose 30, 1011–1029 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04942-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04942-7