Abstract
Inspired by the antioxidative properties of probucol (Pro), a probucol-loaded electrospun wound dressing was developed to promote diabetic wound healing. Scaffolds were fabricated via electrospinning of cellulose acetate solution containing 1% w/w, 3% w/w, and 5% w/w of probucol. The physicochemical and biological properties of the prepared wound dressings were investigated. Cell viability assay showed that the scaffolds loaded with 1% drug had the most favourable effect on fibroblast cells; therefore, this formulation was chosen for treating diabetic wounds. Furthermore, the healing activity of probucol-loaded wound dressings was investigated in a rat model of the diabetic excisional injury. In vivo study showed that the dressings loaded with 1% probucol had the highest rate of wound healing compared with drug-free dressings and the negative control group. At the end of the 14th day, the cellulose acetate/1% probucol group showed 91.18 ± 4.05% of wound closure and 45.02 ± 2.49 µm of epithelial thickness. In contrast, the cellulose acetate-only group showed 62.21 ± 4.32% of wound closure and 27.22 ± 4.48 µm of epithelial thickness at the same time point. In addition, gene expression analysis showed that the probucol-loaded wound dressings could significantly reduce the tissue expression level of the glutathione peroxidase gene. However, the tissue expression level of the NFK-β gene almost remained unchanged after treatment with cellulose acetate/1% probucol wound dressing.
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Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.
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Conceptualization and designing the study: NK, Experiments and data analysis: MA, SMM, AZ, EMK, and HMH. Preparing the first draft of the manuscript and editing: SMM, AZ, and EMK. MA performed the requested experiments in the first revision.
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The animal studies were performed in accordance with the U.K. Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act, 1986 and associated guidelines, EU Directive 2010/63/EU for animal experiments. All institutional guidelines were followed during the animal experiments and the study was approved by ethics committee of Islamic Azad University.
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Abbaszadeh, M., Meybodi, S.M., Zarei, A. et al. Cellulose acetate nanofibrous wound dressings loaded with 1% probucol alleviate oxidative stress and promote diabetic wound healing: an in vitro and in vivo study. Cellulose 29, 5359–5374 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04560-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04560-3