Abstract
This review outlines the present state and recent progress in the area of lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs), an emerging family of green cellulose nanomaterials. Different types of LCNF raw materials are described, with main focus on wood-based raw materials, and the properties of the resulting LCNFs are compared. Common problems faced in industrial utilization of CNFs are discussed in the light of potential improvements from LCNFs, covering areas such as chemical and energy consumption, dewatering and redispersibility. Out of the potential applications, barrier films, emulsions and nanocomposites are considered.
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Reprinted from Kontturi et al. (2006) with permission of Royal Society of Chemistry (Note: Hydrogen atoms are not indicated)
Adapted from Sixta et al. (2006) With permission of John Wiley and Sons
Reprinted from Chakar and Ragauskas (2004) with permission from Elsevier
Reprinted from Crestini et al. (2017) with permission of the Royal Chemical Society
Reprinted from Tenhunen et al. (2014) with permission of Elsevier
Reprinted and adapted from Rojo et al. (2015) with permission of Royal Society of Chemistry
Reprinted and adapted from Rojo et al. (2015) with permission of Royal Society of Chemistry
Readapted and reprinted from Ballner et al. (2016) with permission of the American Chemical Society
Reprinted from Ballner et al. (2016) with permission of Royal Society of Chemistry
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Abbreviations
- LCNFs:
-
Lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils
- BCNFs:
-
Bleached cellulose nanofibrils
- CNFs:
-
Cellulose nanofibrils
- CNCs:
-
Cellulose nanocrystals
- MFC:
-
Microfibrillated cellulose
- SW:
-
Softwood
- HW:
-
Hardwood
- LCCs:
-
Lignin-carbohydrate complexes
- DP:
-
Degree of polymerization
- CrI:
-
Crystallinity index
- DSC:
-
Differential scanning calorimetry
- WRV:
-
Water retention value
- WVTR:
-
Water vapour transmission rate
- WCA:
-
Water contact angle
- MOE:
-
Modulus of elasticity
- MOR:
-
Modulus of rupture
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This publication was supported by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station (Grant No. ALA013-1-17003), and the Hatch program of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, United States Department of Agriculture. Aalto University and the School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences at Auburn University (Grant No. 101002-145570-2050) financial support to complete this work is greatly appreciated.
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Solala, I., Iglesias, M.C. & Peresin, M.S. On the potential of lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs): a review on properties and applications. Cellulose 27, 1853–1877 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02899-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02899-8