Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Carboxymethyl cellulose assisted mechanical preparation of cellulose nanocrystals with high yield

  • Original Research
  • Published:
Cellulose Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A facile protocol to prepare CMC/CNC suspensions with high yield of CNCs is presented, where CMC was used in combination with mechanical shearing to promote delamination of the cellulose fiber wall. The maximum yield of CNCs in the CMC/CNC suspension was 41.6%. Compared with a purely mechanical method, the yield of CNCs has been increased by 103%. The diameter and length of the obtained CNCs were 20–45 and 200–250 nm separately. The thermal stability of CNCs was higher than acid derived CNCs due to the unmodified surface groups. Thin films of neat CMC and CMC/CNC composites were prepared by solution casting. The SEM results showed good dispersion of CNCs in the matrix. The tensile strength of the film was increased compared with neat CMC film.

Graphical abstract

A facile protocol to prepare CMC/CNC suspension with high yield of CNCs is presented, where CMC is used in combination with mechanical shearing to promote delamination of the cellulose fiber wall.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abe K (2016) Nanofibrillation of dried pulp in NaOH solutions using bead milling. Cellulose 23:1257–1261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal D, MacNaughtan W, Foster TJ (2018) Interactions between microfibrillar cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose in an aqueous suspension. Carbohyd Polym 185:112–119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avolio R, Bonadies I, Capitani D, Errico ME, Gentile G, Avella M (2012) A multitechnique approach to assess the effect of ball milling on cellulose. Carbohyd Polym 87:265–273

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballesteros JEM, Santos SF, Mármol G, Savastano H, Fiorelli J (2015) Evaluation of cellulosic pulps treated by hornification as reinforcement of cementitious composites. Constr Build Mater 100:83–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen L, Zhu JY, Baez C, Kitin P, Elder T (2016) Highly thermal-stable and functional cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibrils produced using fully recyclable organic acids. Green Chem 18:3835

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cranston ED, Gray DG (2006) Morphological and optical characterization of polyelectrolyte multilayers incorporating nanocrystalline cellulose. Biomacromol 7:2522–2530

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Djafari Petroudy SR, Ranjbar J, Rasooly Garmaroody E (2018) Eco-friendly superabsorbent polymers based on carboxymethyl cellulose strengthened by TEMPO-mediated oxidation wheat straw cellulose nanofiber. Carbohyd Polym 197:565–575

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fu J, Li D, Li G, Huang F, Wei Q (2015a) Carboxymethyl cellulose assisted immobilization of silver nanoparticles onto cellulose nanofibers for the detection of catechol. J Electroanal Chem 738:92–99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fu J, Pang Z, Yang J, Huang F, Cai Y, Wei Q (2015b) Fabrication of polyaniline/carboxymethyl cellulose/cellulose nanofibrous mats and their biosensing application. Appl Surf Sci 349:35–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang P, Wu M, Kuga S, Wang D, Wu D, Huang Y (2012) One-step dispersion of cellulose nanofibers by mechanochemical esterification in an organic solvent. Chemsuschem 5:2319–2322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang P, Zhao Y, Kuga S, Wu M, Huang Y (2016) A versatile method for producing functionalized cellulose nanofibers and their application. Nanoscale 8:3753–3759

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iwamoto S, Nakagaito AN, Yano H (2007) Nano-fibrillation of pulp fibers for the processing of transparent nanocomposites. Appl Phys A 89:461–466

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jia C et al (2017) Thermally stable cellulose nanocrystals toward high-performance 2D and 3D nanostructures. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:28922–28929

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kang X, Kuga S, Wang C, Zhao Y, Wu M, Huang Y (2018) Green preparation of cellulose nanocrystal and its application. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6:2954–2960

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laine J (2000) Studies on topochemical modification of cellulosic fibres. Part 1. Chemical conditions for the attachment of carboxymethyl cellulose onto fibres. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 15:520–526

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu A, Berglund LA (2013) Fire-retardant and ductile clay nanopaper biocomposites based on montmorrilonite in matrix of cellulose nanofibers and carboxymethyl cellulose. Eur Polym J 49:940–949

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowys MP, Desbrières J, Rinaudo M (2001) Rheological characterization of cellulosic microfibril suspensions. Role of polymeric additives. Food Hydrocolloids 15:25–32

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazhari Mousavi SM, Afra E, Tajvidi M, Bousfield DW, Dehghani-Firouzabadi M (2017) Cellulose nanofiber/carboxymethyl cellulose blends as an efficient coating to improve the structure and barrier properties of paperboard. Cellulose 24:3001–3014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moon RJ, Martini A, Nairn J, Simonsen J, Youngblood J (2011) Cellulose nanomaterials review: structure, properties and nanocomposites. Chem Soc Rev 40:3941–3994

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saito T, Hirota M, Tamura N, Kimura S, Fukuzumi H, Heux L, Isogai A (2009) Individualization of nano-sized plant cellulose fibrils by direct surface carboxylation using TEMPO catalyst under neutral conditions. Biomacromol 10:1992–1996

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seifert M, Hesse S, Kabrelian V, Klemm D (2004) Controlling the water content of never dried and reswollen bacterial cellulose by the addition of water-soluble polymers to the culture medium. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 42:463–470

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song K, Ji Y, Li W, Wei Y, Yu Z (2018) A green and environmental benign method to extract cellulose nanocrystal by ball mill assisted solid acid hydrolysis. J Clean Prod 196:1169–1175

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang N, Ding E, Cheng R (2007) Thermal degradation behaviors of spherical cellulose nanocrystals with sulfate groups. Polymer. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2007.03.062

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51733009), the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (No. E2018210125) and Hebei Key Discipline Construction Project.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang, 050043, China

    Xiaobo Lin, Xiangyang Guo & Chaofei Xu

  2. Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, China

    Min Wu

Authors
  1. Xiaobo Lin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xiangyang Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chaofei Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Min Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

The manuscript was written through contributions of all authors. All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Xiaobo Lin or Min Wu.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 1778 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lin, X., Guo, X., Xu, C. et al. Carboxymethyl cellulose assisted mechanical preparation of cellulose nanocrystals with high yield. Cellulose 26, 5227–5236 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02452-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02452-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation