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Life stage differences in mammary gland gene expression profile in non-human primates

  • Preclinical study
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Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy of women in the developed world. To better understand its pathogenesis, knowledge of normal breast development is crucial, as BC is the result of disregulation of physiologic processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of reproductive life stages on the transcriptional profile of the mammary gland in a primate model. Comparative transcriptomic analyses were carried out using breast tissues from 28 female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at the following life stages: prepubertal (n = 5), adolescent (n = 4), adult luteal (n = 5), pregnant (n = 6), lactating (n = 3), and postmenopausal (n = 5). Mammary gland RNA was hybridized to Affymetrix GeneChip® Rhesus Macaque Genome Arrays. Differential gene expression was analyzed using ANOVA and cluster analysis. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed distinct separation of life stage groups. More than 2,225 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified. Gene families or pathways that changed across life stages included those related to estrogen and androgen (ESR1, PGR, TFF1, GREB1, AR, 17HSDB2, 17HSDB7, STS, HSD11B1, AKR1C4), prolactin (PRLR, ELF5, STAT5, CSN1S1), insulin-like growth factor signaling (IGF1, IGFBP1, IGFBP5), extracellular matrix (POSTN, TGFB1, COL5A2, COL12A1, FOXC1, LAMC1, PDGFRA, TGFB2), and differentiation (CD24, CD29, CD44, CD61, ALDH1, BRCA1, FOXA1, POSTN, DICER1, LIG4, KLF4, NOTCH2, RIF1, BMPR1A, TGFB2). Pregnancy and lactation displayed distinct patterns of gene expression. ESR1 and IGF1 were significantly higher in the adolescent compared to the adult animals, whereas differentiation pathways were overrepresented in adult animals and pregnancy-associated life stages. Few individual genes were distinctly different in postmenopausal animals. Our data demonstrate characteristic patterns of gene expression during breast development. Several of the pathways activated during pubertal development have been implicated in cancer development and metastasis, supporting the idea that other developmental markers may have application as biomarkers for BC.

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Abbreviations

AKR1C4:

Aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C4

AKT1:

v-akt Murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1

ALDH1:

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1

AR:

Androgen receptor

BC:

Breast cancer

BMPR1A:

Bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type 1A

BRCA1:

Breast cancer 1

CAP:

Cyclase-associated protein

CD24, CD29, CD44, CD61:

Cluster designation antigens 24, 29, 44, and 61

CENPA:

Centromeric protein A

COL12A1:

Collagen, type XII, alpha-1

COL5A2:

Collagen, type V, alpha-2

CSN1S1:

Casein alpha S1

DICER1:

Dicer 1, ribonuclease type III

ELF5:

E74-like factor 5

ERα:

Estrogen receptor alpha (protein)

ERβ:

Estrogen receptor beta (protein)

ESR1:

Estrogen receptor alpha (gene)

ESR2:

Estrogen receptor beta (gene)

FOXA1:

Forkhead box A1

FOXC1:

Forkhead box C1

GATA3:

Glutamyl-tRNA amidotransferase subunit A binding protein 3

GH:

Growth hormone

GREB1:

Gene regulated by estrogen in breast cancer 1

GTM3:

Glutathione s-transferase mu 3

HSD11B1:

11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1

HSD17B2:

17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2

HSD17B7:

17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7

IGF1:

Insulin-like growth factor 1

IGFBP1:

Insulin-like growth factor–binding protein 1

IGFBP5:

Insulin-like growth factor–binding protein 5

IGHG1:

IgG heavy-chain locus

Jak2:

Janus kinase 2

KLF4:

Kruppel-like factor 4

LAMC1:

Laminin, gamma-1

LIG4:

DNA ligase IV

LRRN3:

Leucine-rich repeat protein, neuronal, 3

MKI67:

Proliferation-related antigen Ki67

NEK10:

Never in mitosis gene a–related kinase 10

NOTCH2:

Notch gene homolog 2

PCA:

Principal components analysis

PDGFRA:

Platelet-derived growth factor receptor, alpha

PECI:

Peroxisomal D3,D2-enoyl-CoA isomerase

PGR:

Progesterone receptor

PGRB:

Progesterone receptor B

POSTN:

Periostin

PPM1K:

Protein phosphatase, PP2C domain-containing, 1K

PRLR:

Prolactin receptor

RANKL:

Receptor activator of NF-kappa-B ligand

RIF1:

RAP1 interacting factor homolog

SERF1A:

Small EDRK-rich factor 1A

STAT5:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5

STS:

Steroid sulfatase

SULT:

Sulfotransferase

TFF1:

Trefoil factor 1

TGFB1:

Transforming growth factor, beta-1

TGFB2:

Transforming growth factor, beta-2

TGFB3:

Transforming growth factor, beta-3

WNT5B:

Wingless-related MMTV integration site 5B

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for the technical support of Ms. Hermina Borgerink, Ms. Jean Gardin, Ms. Lisa O’Donnell, and Mr. Joseph Finley and also for the work of students Ms. Sara Dillon, Ms. Amelia Hubbard, and Mr. Russell O’Donnell. This study has been supported by the German Research Foundation Grants STU 469/2-1 and STU 469/3-1 (to PS), a German Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology Grant (to PS), and National Institutes of Health Grants R01 AT00639-06 (to JMC), RO3 AG18170 (to TCR), R01 R01AG017864 (to JKW), and P40 RR 021380 (to JDW).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Women’s Hospital, Effingerstrasse 102, 3010, Berne, Switzerland

    Petra Stute

  2. Arrows Biomedical Deutschland GmbH, Munster, Germany

    Sonja Sielker

  3. Department of Pathology/Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1040, USA

    Charles E. Wood, Thomas C. Register, Cynthia J. Lees, Fitriya N. Dewi, J. Koudy Williams, Janice D. Wagner & J. Mark Cline

  4. Services-In-Statistics, Würzburg, Germany

    Ulrich Stefenelli

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  1. Petra Stute
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Stute, P., Sielker, S., Wood, C.E. et al. Life stage differences in mammary gland gene expression profile in non-human primates. Breast Cancer Res Treat 133, 617–634 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-011-1811-9

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