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The invasion of Senecio pterophorus across continents: multiple, independent introductions, admixture and hybridization

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Abstract

Senecio pterophorus (Compositae) is a perennial shrub native to eastern South Africa that was introduced into the Western Cape in South Africa and Australia approximately 100 years ago and into Europe (Italy and Spain) more than 25–30 years ago. In this study, the aims were to unravel the putative sources of the introduced populations and identify the changes in genetic diversity after invasion using molecular markers and phylogeographic and population genetic analyses. We sampled the entire area of distribution for S. pterophorus extensively. Based on the results, three lineages were established along a latitudinal and climatic gradient in the native range (south, central, central/north) with high levels of admixture. Multiple, independent introductions occurred in the four invaded ranges. The central/northern lineage (humid climate) was the primary source for all of the invaded regions (with drier climates), although a secondary role was revealed for the southern lineage in the Western Cape and the central/northern lineage in Australia and Spain. The genetic diversity was slightly lower in the Spanish and Australian populations than that in the native populations. A variety of demographic and genetic processes affected the amount and structure of genetic diversity in the invaded areas, including multiple introductions and admixture (Western Cape, Australia and Spain) as well as pre-invasive hybridization (Italy). The patterns of dispersion support a hypothesis of rapid evolution of S. pterophorus after invasion in response to novel climatic conditions.

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Acknowledgments

We are most grateful to José M. Blanco-Moreno (Universitat de Barcelona), Anna Escolà, and Maria Morante (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) for their assistance in collecting the plant samples used in this study. We also thank Bernat del Rey for assistance with Fig. 7 and Josep Maria Benaul (Universitat de Barcelona) for providing historical information on wool imports in Spain. The financial support provided to E.C. by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spain) (GCL2008-02421/BOS) and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Spain) (GCL2011-29205) to conduct this research is gratefully acknowledged. R.V. and A.G. are in the “Biodiversity and biosystematic vegetal” group (2014 SGR-514) and E.C. is in the “Response of ecosystems to climate change and environmental gradients” research group (2014 SGR-453), which are both funded by Generalitat de Catalunya (Catalonia). The permits for sampling were obtained from the corresponding authorities when required.

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  1. Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB), Passeig de Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Spain

    Roser Vilatersana & Almudena Galian

  2. Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Univ Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain

    María Sanz & Eva Castells

  3. CREAF, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain

    Eva Castells

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  1. Roser Vilatersana
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Correspondence to Eva Castells.

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Vilatersana, R., Sanz, M., Galian, A. et al. The invasion of Senecio pterophorus across continents: multiple, independent introductions, admixture and hybridization. Biol Invasions 18, 2045–2065 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1150-1

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