Abstract
The textile industry contributes to about 5% of all waste globally, with approximately 20 billion pounds of waste landfilled every year, calling for advanced recycling methods in the context of the circular economy. Here, we review physical and chemical methods for recycling textiles waste into high value-added products such as composite reinforcements, soil covering materials, adsorbents, electrodes, supercapacitors, and nanocrystalline cellulose. Chemical recycling is more frequent than physical recycling. Product quality depends on the recycling methods; for instance chemical recycling yield materials with better porous characteristics and higher adsorption capacity than materials obtained by physical recycling. Intelligent wearables and technologies for advanced textile processing are discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
Code availability
Not applicable.
References
Abdelal NR, Donaldson SL (2018) Interlaminar fracture toughness and electromagnetic interference shielding of hybrid-stitched carbon fiber composites. J Reinf Plast Comp 37(18):1131–1141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684418787642
Abraham RE, Wong CS, Puri M (2016) Enrichment of cellulosic waste hemp (Cannabis sativa) hurd into non-toxic microfibres. Materials 9(7):562. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9070562
Agate S, Tyagi P, Naithani V, Lucia L, Pal L (2020) Innovating generation of nanocellulose from industrial hemp by dual asymmetric centrifugation. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8(4):1850–1858. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05992
Ahuja D, Kaushik A, Singh M (2018) Simultaneous extraction of lignin and cellulose nanofibrils from waste jute bags using one pot pre-treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 107:1294–1301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.107
Al-Mamun M, Khan MA, Khan RA, Zaman HU, Saha M, Huque SMF (2010) Preparation of selective ion adsorbent by photo curing with acrylic and phosphoric acid on jute yarn. Fiber Polym 11(6):832–837. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-010-0832-z
Baheti V, Mishra R, Militky J, Behera BK (2014) Influence of noncellulosic contents on nano scale refinement of waste jute fibers for reinforcement in polylactic acid films. Fiber Polym 15(7):1500–1506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-014-1500-5
Baksi S, Saha S, Birgen C, Sarkar U, Preisig HA, Markussen S, Wittgens B, Wentzel A (2018) Valorization of lignocellulosic waste (Crotalaria juncea) using alkaline peroxide pretreatment under different process conditions: an optimization study on separation of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. J Nat Fibers 16(5):662–676. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2018.1431998
Battegazzore D, Noori A, Frache A (2018) Natural wastes as particle filler for poly(lactic acid)-based composites. J Compos Mater 53(6):783–797. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998318791316
Bhingare NH, Prakash S, Jatti VS (2019) A review on natural and waste material composite as acoustic material. Polym Test 80:106142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.106142
Bourmaud A, Beaugrand J, Shah DU, Placet V, Baley C (2018) Towards the design of high-performance plant fibre composites. Prog Mater Sci 97:347–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2018.05.005
Brzyski P, Barnat-Hunek D, Suchorab Z, Lagod G (2017) Composite materials based on hemp and flax for low-energy buildings. Materials 10(5):510. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10050510
Cai YJ, Liang YH, Navik R, Zhu WJ, Zhang C, Pervez MN, Wang Q (2020) Improved reactive dye fixation on ramie fiber in liquid ammonia and optimization of fixation parameters using the Taguchi approach. Dyes Pigments 183:108734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2020.108734
Candy L, Bassil S, Rigal L, Simon V, Raynaud C (2017) Thermo-mechano-chemical extraction of hydroxycinnamic acids from industrial hemp by-products using a twin-screw extruder. Ind Crop Prod 109:335–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.08.044
Cao Y, Wu YQ (2008) Evaluation of statistical strength of bamboo fiber and mechanical properties of fiber reinforced green composites. J Cent South Univ T 15(s1):564–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771−008−422−z
Chauhan V, Kaiki T, Varis J (2019) Review of natural fiber-reinforced engineering plastic composites, their applications in the transportation sector and processing techniques. J Thermoplast Compos 35(8):1169–1209. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705719889095
Chen WF, Zhang SJ, He FF, Lu WP, Xv H (2018) Porosity and surface chemistry development and thermal degradation of textile waste jute during recycling as activated carbon. J Mater Cycles Waste 21(2):315–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-018-0792-8
Choi HY, Lee JS (2012) Effects of surface treatment of ramie fibers in a ramie/poly(lactic acid) composite. Fibers Polym 13(2):217–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-012-0217-6
Crini G, Lichtfouse E, Chanet G, Morin-Crini N (2020) Applications of hemp in textiles, paper industry, insulation and building materials, horticulture, animal nutrition, food and beverages, nutraceuticals, cosmetics and hygiene, medicine, agrochemistry, energy production and environment: a review. Environ Chem Lett 18(5):1451–1476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01029-2
Dang CY, Shen XJ, Nie HJ, Yang S, Shen JX, Yang XH, Fu SY (2019) Enhanced interlaminar shear strength of ramie fiber/polypropylene composites by optimal combination of graphene oxide size and content. Compos Part B-Eng 168:488–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.03.080
Das K, Adhikary K, Ray D, Bandyopadhyay NR (2010) Development of recycled polypropylene matrix composites reinforced with waste jute caddies. J Reinf Plast Comp 29(2):201–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684408096929
De Silva R, Byrne N (2017) Utilization of cotton waste for regenerated cellulose fibres: influence of degree of polymerization on mechanical properties. Carbohyd Polym 174:89–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.042
Deeksha B, Sadanand V, Hariram N, Rajulu AV (2021) Preparation and properties of cellulose nanocomposite fabrics with in situ generated silver nanoparticles by bioreduction method. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts 6(1):75–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2021.01.003
Dong K, Peng X, Wang ZL (2020) Fiber/fabric-based piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators for flexible/stretchable and wearable electronics and artificial intelligence. Adv Mater 32(5):1902549. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201902549
Dou YL, Liu X, Yu KF, Wang XF, Liu WP, Liang JC, Liang C (2019) Biomass porous carbon derived from jute fiber as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Diam Relat Mater 98:107514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2019.107514
Elwakil AS, Radwan AG, Freeborn TJ, Allagui A, Maundy BJ, Fouda M (2017) Low-voltage commercial super-capacitor response to periodic linear-with-time current excitation: a case study. IET Circ Device Syst 11(3):189–195. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-cds.2016.0139
Erdogan UH, Duran H, Selli F (2019) Recycling of cellulose from vegetable fiber waste for sustainable industrial applications. Ind Textila 70(01):37–41. https://doi.org/10.35530/it.070.01.1553
Fan W, Zhang G, Zhang XL, Dong K, Liang XP, Chen WC, Yu LJ, Zhang YY (2022) Superior unidirectional water transport and mechanically stable 3D orthogonal woven fabric for human body moisture and thermal management. Small 18(10):2107150. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202107150
Feng YL, Hu YX, Zhao GY, Yin JH, Jiang W (2011) Preparation and mechanical properties of high-performance short ramie fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 122(3):1564–1571. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.34281
Ferrandez-Garcia MT, Ferrandez-Garcia CE, Garcia-Ortuno T, Ferrandez-Garcia A, Ferrandez-Villena M (2020) Study of waste jute fibre panels (Corchorus capsularis L.) agglomerated with portland cement and starch. Polymers-Basel 12(3):599. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12030599
Ganguly PK (2009) Composite laminates from jute caddies-an industrial waste. J Sci Ind Res India 68(6):560–562
Ge SB, Ma NL, Jiang SC, Ok YS, Lam SS, Li C, Shi SQ, Nie X, Qiu Y, Li DL, Wu QD, Tsang DCW, Peng WX, Sonne C (2020) Processed bamboo as a novel formaldehyde-free high-performance furniture biocomposite. ACS Appl Mater Inter 12(27):30824–30832. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c07448
Ge SB, Zuo SD, Zhang ML, Luo YH, Yang R, Wu YJ, Zhang Y, Li JZ, Xia CL (2021) Utilization of decayed wood for polyvinyl chloride/wood flour composites. J Mater Res Technol 12:862–869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.03.026
Ge SB, Liang YY, Zhou CX, Sheng YQ, Zhang ML, Cai LP, Zhou YH, Huang ZH, Manzo M, Wu CY, Xia CL (2022) The potential of Pinus armandii Franch for high-grade resource utilization. Biomass Bioenerg 158:106345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2022.106345
Gebremedhin N, Rotich GK (2020) Manufacturing of bathroom wall tile composites from recycled low-density polyethylene reinforced with pineapple leaf fiber. Int J Polym Sci 2020:2732571. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2732571
Ghoushji MJ, Eshkoor RA, Zulkifli R, Sulong AB, Abdullah S, Azhari CH (2017) Energy absorption capability of axially compressed woven natural ramie/green epoxy square composite tubes. J Reinf Plast Comp 36(14):1028–1037. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684417700482
Gopinath KP, Vo DVN, Prakash DG, Joseph AA, Viswanathan S, Arun J (2020) Environmental applications of carbon-based materials: a review. Environ Chem Lett 19(1):557–582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01084-9
Hamidon TS, Adnan R, Haafiz MKM, Hussin MH (2022) Cellulose-based beads for the adsorptive removal of wastewater effluents: a review. Environ Chem Lett 20(3):1965–2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01401-4
Hassan NS, Jalil AA, Hitam CNC, Vo DVN, Nabgan W (2020) Biofuels and renewable chemicals production by catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose: a review. Environ Chem Lett 18(5):1625–1648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01040-7
He X, Liu Q, Wang J, Chen H (2019) Wearable gas/strain sensors based on reduced graphene oxide/linen fabrics. Front Mater Sci 13(3):305–313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-019-0472-1
He D, Wu L, Yao YC, Zhang J, Huang ZH, Wang MX (2020) A facile route to high nitrogen-containing porous carbon fiber sheets from biomass-flax for high-performance flexible supercapacitors. Appl Surf Sci 507:145108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.145108
Holser R (2009) Biocomposites prepared from fiber processing waste and glycerol polyesters. J Nat Fibers 6(3):272–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440470903119494
Hussein Z, Ashour T, Khalil M, Bahnasawy A, Ali S, Hollands J, Korjenic A (2019) Rice straw and flax fiber particleboards as a product of agricultural waste: an evaluation of technical properties. Appl Sci-Basel 9(18):3878. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9183878
Ip K, Miller A (2012) Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of hemp-lime wall constructions in the UK. Resour, Conserv Recy 69:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.09.001
Ivanovska A, Cerovic D, Maletic S, Jankovic Castvan I, Asanovic K, Kostic M (2019) Influence of the alkali treatment on the sorption and dielectric properties of woven jute fabric. Cellulose 26(8):5133–5146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02421-0
Jadhav AC, Jadhav NC (2022) Waste sunn hemp fibres/epoxy composites: mechanical and thermal properties. Iran Polym J 31(7):821–833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-022-01034-y
Kakati N, Assanvo EF, Kalita D (2019) Synthesis and performance evaluation of unsaturated polyester blends of resins and its application on non-woven/fabric jute fibers reinforced composites. J Polym Environ 27(11):2540–2548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01537-5
Kalia S, Kaith BS, Kaur I (2009) Pretreatments of natural fibers and their application as reinforcing material in polymer composites-a review. Polym Eng Sci 49(7):1253–1272. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.21328
Kalusuraman G, Thirumalai Kumaran S, Aslan M, Mayandi K (2020) Mechanical properties of waste copper slag filled surface activated jute fiber reinforced composite. Mater Res Express 6(12):125347. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab6089
Kuciel S, Mazur K, Jakubowska P (2019) Novel biorenewable composites based on poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) with natural fillers. J Polym Environ 27(4):803–815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01392-4
Kuglarz M, Grübel K (2018) Integrated production of biofuels and succinic acid from biomass after thermochemical pretreatments. Ecol Chem Eng S 25(4):521–536. https://doi.org/10.1515/eces-2018-0034
Kutsenko LI, Bochek AM, Karetnikova EB, Vlasova EV, Volchek BZ (2007) Sulfoethyl cellulose ethers from flax fiber manufacturing waste. Theor Found Chem Eng 41(5):694–697. https://doi.org/10.1134/s0040579507050429
Kuznetsova AS, Volkova AV, Ermakova LE, Antropova TV (2018) Iron(III) ion adsorption on macroporous glass. Glass Phys Chem 44(1):41–46. https://doi.org/10.1134/s1087659618010078
Laborel-Préneron A, Magniont C, Aubert J-E (2017) Characterization of barley straw, hemp shiv and corn cob as resources for bioaggregate based building materials. Waste Biomass Valori 9(7):1095–1112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-9895-z
Lee CK, Cho MS, Kim IH, Lee Y, Nam JD (2010) Preparation and physical properties of the biocomposite, cellulose diacetate/kenaf fiber sized with poly(vinyl alcohol). Macromol Res 18(6):566–570. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-010-0611-0
Liu SJ (2015) Cooperative adsorption on solid surfaces. J Colloid Interf Sci 450:224–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2015.03.013
Liu HY, Zhang Y, Yao JM (2014) Preparation and properties of an eco-friendly superabsorbent based on flax yarn waste for sanitary napkin applications. Fiber Polym 15(1):145–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-014-0145-8
Liu ZK, Chen KL, Fernando A, Gao Y, Li G, Jin L, Zhai H, Yi YPQ, Xu LL, Zheng Y, Li HX, Fan YY, Li Y, Zheng ZJ (2021) Permeable graphited hemp fabrics-based, wearing-comfortable pressure sensors for monitoring human activities. Chem Eng J 403:126191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126191
Lu LL, Fan W, Meng X, Liu T, Han L, Zhang T, Dong JJ, Yuan LJ, Tian HX (2020) Modal analysis of 3D needled waste cotton fiber/epoxy composites with experimental and numerical methods. Text Res J 91(3–4):358–372. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517520944477
Lu LL, Fan W, Ge SB, Liew RK, Shi Y, Dou H, Wang SJ, Lam SS (2022) Progress in recycling and valorization of waste silk. Sci Total Environ 830:154812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154812
Luhar S, Cheng TW, Luhar I (2019) Incorporation of natural waste from agricultural and aquacultural farming as supplementary materials with green concrete: a review. Compos Part B-Eng 175:107076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107076
Maksoud MIA, Fahim RA, Shalan AE, Abd Elkodous M, Olojede SO, Osman AI, Farrell C, Al-Muhtaseb AH, Awed AS, Ashour AH, Rooney DW (2020) Advanced materials and technologies for supercapacitors used in energy conversion and storage: a review. Environ Chem Lett 19:375–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01075-w
Marinho NP, Cademartori PHGD, Nisgoski S, Tanobe VODA, Klock U, Muniz GIBD (2020) Feasibility of ramie fibers as raw material for the isolation of nanofibrillated cellulose. Carbohyd Polym 230:115579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115579
Masood Z, Ahmad S, Umair M, Shaker K, Nawab Y, Karahan M (2018) Mechanical behaviour of hybrid composites developed from textile waste. Fibres Text East Eur 26(1):46–52. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7796
Meng X, Fan W, Ma YL, Wei TX, Dou H, Yang X, Tian HX, Yu Y, Zhang T, Gao L (2019) Recycling of denim fabric wastes into high-performance composites using the needle-punching nonwoven fabrication route. Text Res J 90(5–6):695–709. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517519870317
Mijailović DM, Vukčević MM, Stević ZM, Kalijadis AM, Stojanović DB, Panić VV, Uskoković PS (2017) Supercapacitive performances of activated highly microporous natural carbon macrofibers. J Electrochem Soc 164(6):A1061–A1068. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0581706jes
Mohajershojaei K, Dadashian F (2014) Recycling of jute wastes using pulpzyme enzyme. Mater Tehnol 48(5):757–760. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4327.5367
Mohl C, Weimer T, Caliskan M, Baz S, Bauder HJ, Gresser GT (2022) Development of natural fibre-reinforced semi-finished products with bio-based matrix for eco-friendly composites. Polymers-Basel 14(4):698. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14040698
Muthuraj R, Lacoste C, Lacroix P, Bergeret A (2019) Sustainable thermal insulation biocomposites from rice husk, wheat husk, wood fibers and textile waste fibers: elaboration and performances evaluation. Ind Crop Prod 135:238–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.04.053
Nagarajan D, Lee DJ, Chen CY, Chang JS (2020) Resource recovery from wastewaters using microalgae-based approaches: a circular bioeconomy perspective. Bioresour Technol 302:122817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122817
Navone L, Moffitt K, Hansen KA, Blinco J, Payne A, Speight R (2020) Closing the textile loop: enzymatic fibre separation and recycling of wool/polyester fabric blends. Waste Manage 102:149–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.026
Nestore O, Kajaks J, Vancovicha I, Reihmane S (2013) Physical and mechanical properties of composites based on a linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and natural fiber waste. Mech Compos Mater 48(6):619–628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11029-013-9306-x
Nzioka AM, Yan CZ, Kim MG, Sim YJ, Lee CS, Kim YJ (2018) Improvement of the chemical recycling process of waste carbon fibre reinforced plastics using a mechanochemical process: Influence of process parameters. Waste Manage Res 36(10):952–964. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X18790351
Ouchi A, Toida T, Kumaresan S, Ando W, Kato J (2010) A new methodology to recycle polyester from fabric blends with cellulose. Cellulose 17(1):215–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-009-9358-1
Oyeoka HC, Ewulonu CM, Nwuzor IC, Obele CM, Nwabanne JT (2021) Packaging and degradability properties of polyvinyl alcohol/gelatin nanocomposite films filled water hyacinth cellulose nanocrystals. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts 6(2):168–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2021.02.009
Oz H, Coskan A, Atilgan A (2016) Determination of effects of various plastic covers and biofumigation on soil temperature and soil nitrogen form in greenhouse solarization: new solarization cover material. J Polym Environ 25(2):370–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-016-0819-y
Pacaphol K, Aht-Ong D (2017) Preparation of hemp nanofibers from agricultural waste by mechanical defibrillation in water. J Clean Prod 142:1283–1295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.008
Panaitescu DM, Iorga MD, Serian S, Frone AN (2010) Composite materials of polypropylene and waste jute fibers. Mater Plast 47(1):1–4
Parveen N, Ansari SA, Ansari MZ, Ansari MO (2021) Manganese oxide as an effective electrode material for energy storage: a review. Environ Chem Lett 20(1):283–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01316-6
Pattnaik F, Tripathi S, Patra BR, Nanda S, Kumar V, Dalai AK, Naik S (2021) Catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic polysaccharides to commodity biochemicals: a review. Environ Chem Lett 19(6):4119–4136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01284-x
Peng YY, Li YG, Liu LG, Hao XB, Cai K, Xiong JQ, Hong WY, Tao J (2022) New optimization approach for amphoteric/magnetic ramie biosorbent in dyestuff adsorption. Biochem Eng J 181:108379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2022.108379
Petit C, Silva MV, Mestre AS, Ania CO, Vaz PD, Carvalho AP, Nunes CD (2018) Solventless olefin epoxidation using a Mo-loaded sisal derived acid-char catalyst. ChemistrySelect 3(37):10357–10363. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201802055
Pongener C, Kibami D, Rao KS, Goswamee RL, Sinha D (2017) Adsorption studies of fluoride by activated carbon prepared from Mucuna prurines plant. J Water Chem Techno 39(2):108–115. https://doi.org/10.3103/s1063455x17020096
Prabha S, Durgalakshmi D, Rajendran S, Lichtfouse E (2020) Plant-derived silica nanoparticles and composites for biosensors, bioimaging, drug delivery and supercapacitors: a review. Environ Chem Lett 19(2):1667–1691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01123-5
Radzuan NAM, Tholibon D, Sulong AB, Muhamad N, Haron CHC (2020) New processing technique for biodegradable kenaf composites: a simple alternative to commercial automotive parts. Compos Part B-Eng 184:107644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107644
Rago YP, Surroop D, Mohee R (2018) Torrefaction of textile waste for production of energy-dense biochar using mass loss as a synthetic indicator. J Environ Chem Eng 6(1):811–822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.12.055
Raj M, Fatima S, Tandon N (2020) Recycled materials as a potential replacement to synthetic sound absorbers: a study on denim shoddy and waste jute fibers. Appl Acoust 159:107070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2019.107070
Ramamoorthy SK, Skrifvars M, Persson A (2015) A review of natural fibers used in biocomposites: plant, animal and regenerated cellulose fibers. Polym Rev 55(1):107–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2014.971124
Ramesh M, Palanikumar K, Reddy KH (2017) Plant fibre based bio-composites: sustainable and renewable green materials. Renewable Sust Energ Rev 79:558–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.094
Ramrakhiani L, Ghosh S, Majumdar S (2022) Heavy metal recovery from electroplating effluent using adsorption by jute waste-derived biochar for soil amendment and plant micro-fertilizer. Clean Technol Envir 24(4):1261–1284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-021-02243-4
Renouard N, Mérotte J, Kervoëlen A, Behlouli K, Baley C, Bourmaud A (2017) Exploring two innovative recycling ways for poly-(propylene)-flax non wovens wastes. Polym Degrad Stabil 142:89–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.05.031
Saikia P, Goswami T, Dutta D, Dutta NK, Sengupta P, Neog D (2017) Development of a flexible composite from leather industry waste and evaluation of their physico-chemical properties. Clean Technol Envir 19(8):2171–2178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-017-1396-z
Sam-Brew S, Smith GD (2017) Flax shive and hemp hurd residues as alternative raw material for particleboard production. Bio Resources 12(3):5715–5735. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.3.5715-5713
Sandin G, Peters GM (2018) Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling-a review. J Clean Prod 184:353–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.266
Schettini E, Santagata G, Malinconico M, Immirzi B, Scarascia Mugnozza G, Vox G (2013) Recycled wastes of tomato and hemp fibres for biodegradable pots: physico-chemical characterization and field performance. Resour Conserv Recy 70:9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.11.002
Sengupta S, Debnath S (2018) Production and application engineered waste jute entangled sheet for soil cover: a green system. J Sci Ind Res 77(4):240–245
Senthilkumaar S, Krishna SK, Kalaamani P, Subburamaan CV, Subramaniam NG, Kang T (2010) Kinetic approach for the adsorption of organophosphorous pesticides from aqueous solution using “waste” jute fiber carbon. E-J Chem 7(s1):S511–S519. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/947070
Sever K (2016) The improvement of mechanical properties of jute fiber/LDPE composites by fiber surface treatment. J Reinf Plast Comp 29(13):1921–1929. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684409339078
Song CY, Fan W, Liu T, Wang SJ, Song W, Gao XZ (2022) A review on three-dimensional stitched composites and their research perspectives. Compos Part A-Appl S 153:106730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106730
Sundriyal S, Shrivastav V, Pham HD, Mishra S, Deep A, Dubal DP (2021) Advances in bio-waste derived activated carbon for supercapacitors: trends, challenges and prospective. Resour Conserv Recyc 169:105548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105548
Tiuc AE, Vasile O, Vermesa H, Andrei PM (2018) Sound absorbing insulating composites cased on polyurethane foam and waste materials. Mater Plast 55(3):419–422
Tofan L, Teodosiu C, Paduraru C, Wenkert R (2013) Cobalt (II) removal from aqueous solutions by natural hemp fibers: batch and fixed-bed column studies. Appl Surf Sci 285:33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.06.151
Tofan L, Paduraru C, Toma O (2015) Zinc remediation of aqueous solutions by natural hemp fibers: batch desorption/regeneration study. Desalin Water Treat 57(27):12644–12652. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1052566
Tuerxun D, Pulingam T, Nordin NI, Chen YW, Kamaldin JB, Julkapli NBM, Lee HV, Leo BF, Johan MRB (2019) Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxicity studies of nanocrystalline cellulose from the production waste of rubber-wood and kenaf-bast fibers. Eur Polym J 116:352–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.04.021
Vukcevic M, Kalijadis A, Radisic M, Pejic B, Kostic M, Lausevic Z, Lausevic M (2012) Application of carbonized hemp fibers as a new solid-phase extraction sorbent for analysis of pesticides in water samples. Chem Eng J 211:224–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.09.059
Wang SJ, Zhang T, Zhang XL, Ge SB, Fan W (2022) Development of 3D needled composite from denim waste and polypropylene fibers for structural applications. Constr Build Mater 314:125583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125583
Williams PT, Reed AR (2004) High grade activated carbon matting derived from the chemical activation and pyrolysis of natural fibre textile waste. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 71(2):971–986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2003.12.007
Wu Y, Wen C, Chen XP, Jiang GD, Liu GN, Liu D (2017) Catalytic pyrolysis and gasification of waste textile under carbon dioxide atmosphere with composite Zn-Fe catalyst. Fuel Process Technol 166:115–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.05.025
Xu S, Gong XF, Zou HL, Liu CY, Chen CL, Zeng XX (2016) Recycling agriculture wastes of ramie stalk as bioadsorbents for Cd2+ removal: a kinetic and thermodynamic study. Water Sci Technol 73(2):396–404. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.475
Xu CK, Cheng H, Liao ZJ, Hu H (2019) An account of the textile waste policy in China (1991–2017). J Clean Prod 234:1459–1470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.283
Yan LB, Kasal B, Huang L (2016) A review of recent research on the use of cellulosic fibres, their fibre fabric reinforced cementitious, geo-polymer and polymer composites in civil engineering. Compos Part B-Eng 92:94–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.02.002
Yang R, Liu GQ, Xu XH, Li M, Zhang JC, Hao XM (2011) Surface texture, chemistry and adsorption properties of acid blue 9 of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) bast-based activated carbon fibers prepared by phosphoric acid activation. Biomass Bioenergy 35(1):437–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.08.061
Yang MH, Kim DS, Sim JW, Jeong JM, Kim DH, Choi JH, Kim J, Kim SS, Choi BG (2017) Synthesis of vertical MnO2 wire arrays on hemp-derived carbon for efficient and robust green catalyst. Appl Surf Sci 407:540–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.02.219
Yang J, Chen S, Li H (2018) Dewatering sewage sludge by a combination of hydrogen peroxide, jute fiber wastes and cationic polyacrylamide. Int Biodeter Biodegr 128:78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.10.027
Yang X, Fan W, Ge SB, Gao XZ, Wang SJ, Zhang YH, Foong SY, Liew RK, Lam SS, Xia CL (2021) Advanced textile technology for fabrication of ramie fiber PLA composites with enhanced mechanical properties. Ind Crop Prod 162:113312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113312
Ye CL, Ma GZ, Fu WC, Wu HW (2015) Effect of fiber treatment on thermal properties and crystallization of sisal fiber reinforced polylactide composites. J Reinf Plast Comp 34(9):718–730. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684415579090
Yi QG, Qi FJ, Xiao B, Hu ZQ, Liu SM (2013) Co-firing ramie residue supplementary coal in a cyclone furnace. BioResources 8(1):844–854. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.8.1.844-854
Yoon SM, Go JS, Yu JS, Kim DW, Jang Y, Lee SH, Jo J (2013) Fabrication and characterization of flexible thin film super-capacitor with silver nano paste current collector. J Nanosci Nanotechno 13(12):7844–7849. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2013.8112
Yu T, Jiang N, Li Y (2014) Study on short ramie fiber/poly(lactic acid) composites compatibilized by maleic anhydride. Compos Part A-Appl S 64:139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.05.008
Yu YL, Zhang Y, Yang XG, Liu HY, Shao L, Zhang XM, Yao JM (2015) Biodegradation process and yellowing mechanism of an ecofriendly superabsorbent based on cellulose from flax yarn wastes. Cellulose 22(1):329–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0531-9
Yu XC, Fan W, Azwar E, Ge SB, Xia CL, Sun YL, Gao XZ, Yang X, Wang SJ, Lam SS (2021) Twisting in improving processing of waste-derived yarn into high-performance reinforced composite. J Clean Prod 317:128446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128446
Zach J, Hroudova J, Korjenic A (2016) Environmentally efficient thermal and acoustic insulation based on natural and waste fibers. J Chem Technol Biot 91(8):2156–2161. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4940
Zegaoui A, Zhang HY, Derradji M, Dayo AQ, Cai WA, Zhang LL, Wang J, Medjahed A, Ghouti HA, Liu WB (2019) Impact of sodium bicarbonate treatment of waste hemp fibers on the properties of dicyanate ester of bisphenol-A/bisphenol-A-based benzoxazine resin composites. P I Mech Eng L-J Mat 233(10):2126–2139. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464420719830431
Zequine C, Ranaweera CK, Wang Z, Dvornic PR, Kahol PK, Singh S, Tripathi P, Srivastava ON, Singh S, Gupta BK, Gupta G, Gupta RK (2017) High-performance flexible supercapacitors obtained via recycled jute: Bio-waste to energy storage approach. Sci Rep-UK 7:1174. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01319-w
Zhang Y, Wu F, Liu L, Yao JM (2013) Synthesis and urea sustained-release behavior of an eco-friendly superabsorbent based on flax yarn wastes. Carbohyd Polym 91(1):277–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.041
Zhang L, Chen ZH, Dong HR, Fu S, Ma L, Yang XJ (2021) Wood plastic composites based wood wall’s structure and thermal insulation performance. J Bioresour Bioprod 6(1):65–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2021.01.005
Zhao Z, Xiong YH, Cheng XK, Hou X, Yang YX, Tian YP, You JL, Xu L (2020) Adsorptive removal of trace thallium(I) from wastewater: a review and new perspectives. J Hazard Mater 393:122378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122378
Zheng YY, Sun Y, Li JL, Liu LM, Chen L, Liu JL, Tian SQ (2017) Tensile response of carbon-aramid hybrid 3D braided composites. Mater Design 116:246–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.11.082
Zhu LL, Shen D, Luo KH (2020) A critical review on VOCs adsorption by different porous materials: species, mechanisms and modification methods. J Hazard Mater 389:122102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122102
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52073224), Textile Vision Basic Research Program of China (No. J202110), Advanced Manufacturing Technology Project of Xi'an Science and Technology Bureau (No. 21XJZZ0019), Key Research and Development Program of Xianyang Science and Technology Bureau, China (No. 2021ZDYF-GY-0035), Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province, China (No. 2021JQ-685), Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province, China (Nos. 2022SF-470, 2022GY-377, 2022GY-283).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Xue Yang, Wei Fan, Hui Wang, Yang Shi, Shujuan Wang, Rock Keey Liew and Shengbo Ge were involved in writing—review and editing. Wei Fan and Shengbo Ge were involved in supervision and funding acquisition. Yang Shi and Shujuan Wang were involved in figure drawing. Wei Fan and Rock Keey Liew were involved in conceptualization. Rock Keey Liew was involved in scope planning.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest in this paper.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, X., Fan, W., Wang, H. et al. Recycling of bast textile wastes into high value-added products: a review. Environ Chem Lett 20, 3747–3763 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01484-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01484-z