Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Synthetic biology, genome mining, and combinatorial biosynthesis of NRPS-derived antibiotics: a perspective

  • Natural Products - Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology

A Correction to this article was published on 26 February 2018

This article has been updated

Abstract

Combinatorial biosynthesis of novel secondary metabolites derived from nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) has been in slow development for about a quarter of a century. Progress has been hampered by the complexity of the giant multimodular multienzymes. More recently, advances have been made on understanding the chemical and structural biology of these complex megaenzymes, and on learning the design rules for engineering functional hybrid enzymes. In this perspective, I address what has been learned about successful engineering of complex lipopeptides related to daptomycin, and discuss how synthetic biology and microbial genome mining can converge to broaden the scope and enhance the speed and robustness of combinatorial biosynthesis of NRPS-derived natural products for drug discovery.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Modified from Nguyen et al. [67]

Fig. 2

Modified from Baltz [7]

Fig. 3

Reproduced from Baltz et al. [16]

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

  • 26 February 2018

    The original article can be found online at .

References

  1. Ackerley DF (2016) Cracking the nonribosomal code. Cell Chem Biol 23:535–537

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Alexander D, Rock J, He X, Miao V, Brian P, Baltz RH (2010) Development of a genetic system for lipopeptide combinatorial biosynthesis in Streptomyces fradiae and heterologous expression of the A54145 biosynthetic gene cluster. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:6877–6887

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Alexander D, Rock J, Gu JQ, Mascio C, Chu M, Brian P, Baltz RH (2011) Production of novel lipopeptide antibiotics related to A54145 by Streptomyces fradiae mutants blocked in biosynthesis of modified amino acids and assignment of lptJ, lptK and lptL gene functions. J Antibiot 64:79–87

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215:403–410

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bachmann BO, Van Lanen SG, Baltz RH (2014) Microbial genome mining for accelerated natural products discovery: is a renaissance in the making? J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 41:175–184

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Baltz RH (2008) Renaissance in antibacterial discovery from actinomycetes. Curr Opin Pharmacol 8:557–563

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Baltz RH (2008) Biosynthesis and genetic engineering of lipopeptide antibiotics related to daptomycin. Curr Top Med Chem 8:618–638

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Baltz RH (2009) Daptomycin: mechanisms of action and resistance, and biosynthetic engineering. Curr Opin Chem Biol 13:144–151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Baltz RH (2010) Genomics and the ancient origins of the daptomycin biosynthetic gene cluster. J Antibiot 63:506–511

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Baltz RH (2014) Combinatorial biosynthesis of cyclic lipopeptide antibiotics: a model for synthetic biology to accelerate the evolution of secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways. ACS Synth Biol 3:748–759

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Baltz RH (2016) Genetic manipulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis for improved production in Streptomyces and other actinomycetes. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 43:343–370

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Baltz RH (2017) Gifted microbes for genome mining and natural product discovery. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 44:573–588

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Baltz RH (2017) Molecular beacons to identify gifted microbes for genome mining. J Antibiot 70:639–646

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Baltz RH (2017) Microbial genome mining for natural product drug discovery. In: Newman DJ, Cragg GM, Grothaus PG (eds) Chemical biology of natural products. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 1–42

    Google Scholar 

  15. Baltz RH, McHenney MA, Hosted TJ (1997) Genetics of lipopeptide antibiotic biosynthesis in Streptomyces fradiae A54145 and Streptomyces roseosporus A21978. Dev Ind Microbiol 34:93–98

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Baltz RH, Miao V, Wrigley SK (2005) Natural products to drugs: daptomycin and related lipopeptide antibiotics. Nat Prod Rep 22:717–741

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bekker OB, Klimina KM, Vatlin AA, Zakharevich NV, Kasianov AS, Danilenko VN (2014) Draft genome sequence of Streptomyces fradiae ATCC 19609, a strain highly sensitive to antibiotics. Genome Announc 2:e01247-14

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Blin K, Wolf T, Chevrette MG et al (2017) antiSMASH 4.0—improvements in chemistry prediction and gene cluster boundary identification. Nucleic Acids Res 45:W36–W41

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Boeck LD, Papiska HR, Wetzel RW, Mynderse JS, Fukuda DS, Mertz FP, Berry DM (1990) A54145, a new lipopeptide antibiotic complex: discovery, taxonomy, fermentation and HPLC. J Antibiot 43:587–593

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Butler MS, Robertson AA, Cooper MA (2014) Natural product and natural product derived drugs in clinical trials. Nat Prod Rep 31:1612–1661

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Challis GL, Ravel J, Townsend CA (2000) Predictive, structure-based model of amino acid recognition by nonribosomal peptide synthetase adenylation domains. Chem Biol 7:211–224

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Chen WH, Kunhua L, Guntaka S, Bruner SD (2016) Interdomain and intermodule organization in epimerization domain containing nonribosomal peptide synthetases. ACS Chem Biol 11:2293–2303

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Chevrette MG, Aicheler F, Kohlbacher O, Currie CR, Medema MH (2017) SANDPUMA: ensemble predictions of nonribosomal peptide chemistry reveal biosynthetic diversity across Actinobacteria. Bioinformatics 33:3202–3210

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Coëffet-Le Gal MF, Thurson L, Rich P, Miao V, Baltz RH (2006) Complementation of daptomycin dptA and dptD deletion mutations in-trans and production of hybrid lipopeptide antibiotics. Microbiology 152:2993–3001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Crüzemann M, Kohlhass C, Piel J (2013) Evolution-guided engineering of nonribosomal peptide synthetase adenylation domains. Chem Sci 4:1041–1045

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Cundliffe E (2008) Control of tylosin biosynthesis in Streptomyces fradiae. J Microbiol Biotechnol 18:1485–1491

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Debono M, Abbott BJ, Molloy RM et al. (1988) Enzymatic and chemical modification of lipopeptide antibiotic A21978C: the synthesis and evaluation of daptomycin (LY146032). J Antibiot 41:1093–1105

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Dehling E, Volkmann G, Matern JC, Dorner W, Alfermann J, Diecker J, Mootz HD (2016) Mapping the communication-mediating interface in nonribosomal peptide synthetases using a genetically encoded photocrosslinker supports an upside-down helix-hand motif. J Mol Biol 428:345–4360

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Demain AL (2014) Importance of microbial natural products and the need to revitalize their discovery. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 41:185–201

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Doekel S, Coëffet-Le Gal MF, Gu JQ, Chu M, Baltz RH, Brian P (2008) Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase module fusions to produce derivatives of daptomycin in Streptomyces roseosporus. Microbiology 154:2872–2880

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Drake EJ, Miller BR, Shi C, Tarrash JT, Sundlov JA, Allen CL, Skiniotis G, Aldrich CC, Gulick AM (2016) Structures of two distinct conformations of holo-non-ribosomal peptide synthetases. Nature 529:235–238

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Drake JW (2007) Mutations in clusters and showers. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 104:8203–8204

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Drake JW, Baltz RH (1976) The biochemistry of mutagenesis. Annu Rev Biochem 45:11–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Drake JW, Bebenek A, Kissling GE, Peddada S (2005) Clusters of mutations from transient hypermutability. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 102:12849–12854

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Eisenstein BI, Oleson FB Jr, Baltz RH (2010) Daptomycin: from the mountain to the clinic with the essential help from Francis Tally, MD. Clin Inf Dis 50:S10–S15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Fischbach MA, Lai JR, Roche ED, Walsh CT, Liu DR (2007) Directed evolution can rapidly improve the activity of chimeric assembly-line enzymes. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 104:11951–11956

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Giddings LA, Newman DJH (2013) Microbial natural products: molecular blueprints for antitumor drugs. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 40:1181–1210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Gomez-Escribano JP, Castro JF, Razmilic V, Chandra G, Andrews B, Bibb MJ (2016) The Streptomyces leeuwenhoekii genome: de novo sequencing and assembly in single contigs of the chromosome, circular plasmid pSLE1 and linear plasmid pSLE2. BMC Genomics 16:485

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Gomez-Escribano JP, Alt S, Bibb MJ (2016) Next generation sequencing of actinobacteria for the discovery of novel natural products. Mar Drugs 14:78

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Gu JQ, Alexander DC, Rock J, Brian P, Chu M, Baltz RH (2011) Structural characterization of a lipopeptide antibiotic A54145E(Asn3Asp9) produced by a genetically engineered strain of Streptomyces fradiae. J Antibiot 64:111–116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Gulick AM (2016) Structural insight into the necessary conformational changes of modular nonribosomal peptide synthetase. Curr Opin Chem Biol 35:89–96

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hill J, Siedlecki J, Parr I et al (2003) Synthesis and biological activity of N-acylated ornithine analogs of daptomycin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 13:4187–4191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Hosted TJ, Baltz RH (1996) Mutants of Streptomyces roseosporus that express enhanced recombination within partially homologous genes. Microbiology 142:2803–2813

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Hojati Z, Milne C, Harvey B et al (2002) Structure, biosynthetic origin, and engineering biosynthesis of calcium-dependent antibiotics from Streptomyces coelicolor. Chem Biol 9:1175–1187

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Hur GH, Vickery CR, Burkart MD (2012) Explorations of catalytic domains in non-ribosomal peptide synthetase enzymology. Nat Prod Rep 29:1074–1098

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Jayapal KP, Lian W, Glod F, Sherman DH, Hu WS (2007) Comparative genomic hybridizations reveal absence of large Streptomyces coelicolor genomic islands in Streptomyces lividans. BMC Genomics 8:229

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Katz L, Baltz RH (2016) Natural product discovery: past, present, and future. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 43:155–176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Kim E, Moore BS, Yoon YJ (2015) Reinvigorating natural product combinatorial biosynthesis with synthetic biology. Nat Chem Biol 11:649–659

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Ladner CC, Williams GJ (2016) Harnessing natural product assembly lines: structure, promiscuity, and engineering. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 43:371–387

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Marahiel MA (2016) A structural model for multimodular NRPS assembly lines. Nat Prod Rep 33:136–140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. McHenney MA, Baltz RH (1996) Gene transfer and transposition mutagenesis in Streptomyces roseosporus: mapping insertions that influence daptomycin or pigment production. Microbiology 142:2363–2373

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. McHenney MA, Hosted TJ, Dehoff BS, Rosteck PR, Baltz RH (1998) Molecular cloning and physical mapping of the daptomycin gene cluster from Streptomyces roseosporus. J Bacteriol 180:143–151

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Medema MH, Cimermancic P, Sali A, Takano E, Fischbach MA (2014) A systematic computational analysis of biosynthetic gene cluster evolution: lessons for engineering biosynthesis. PLoS Comput Biol 10:e1004016

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Meyer S, Kehr JC, Mainz A, Dehm D, Petras D, Süssmuth RD, Dittmann E (2016) Biochemical dissection of the natural diversification of microcystin provides lessons for synthetic biology of NRPS. Cell Chem Biol 23:462–471

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Miao V, Coëffet-Le Gal MF, Brian P et al (2005) Daptomycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces roseosporus: cloning and analysis of the gene cluster and revision of peptide stereochemistry. Microbiology 151:1505–1523

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Miao V, Brost R, Chapple J, She K, Coëffet-Le Gal MF, Baltz RH (2006) The lipopeptide antibiotic A54145 gene cluster from Streptomyces fradiae. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 33:129–140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Miao V, Coëffet-Le Gal M-F, Nguyen K et al (2006) Genetic engineering of Streptomyces roseosporus to produce hybrid lipopeptide antibiotics. Chem Biol 13:269–276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Miller BR, Drake EJ, Shi C, Aldrich CC, Gulick AM (2016) Structures of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase module bound to MbtH-like proteins support a highly dynamic domain architecture. J Biol Chem 291:22559–22571

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Miller BR, Gulick AM (2016) Structural biology of nonribosomal peptide synthetase. Methods Mol Biol 1401:3–29

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Milne C, Powell A, Jim J, Nakeeb M, Smith CP, Micklefield J (2006) Biosynthesis of the (2S,3R)-3-methyl glutamate residue of nonribosomal peptides. J Am Chem Soc 128:11250–11259

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Mukherjee S, Seshadri R, Varghese NJ et al (2017) 1003 reference genomes of bacterial and archaeal isolates expand coverage of the tree of life. Nat Biotechnol 35:676–683

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Müller C, Nolden S, Gebhardt P et al (2007) Sequencing and analysis of the biosynthetic gene cluster of the lipopeptide antibiotic friulimicin in Actinoplanes friuliensis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:1028–1037

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Nett M, Ikeda H, Moore B (2009) Genomic basis for natural product biosynthetic diversity in the actinomycetes. Nat Prod Rep 26:1362–1384

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Newman DJ, Cragg GM (2016) Natural products as sources of new drugs from 1981–2014. J Nat Prod 79:629–661

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Nguyen K, Kau D, Gu JQ, Brian P, Wrigley SK, Baltz RH, Miao V (2006) A glutamic acid 3-methyltransferase encoded by an accessory gene locus important for daptomycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces roseosporus. Mol Microbiol 61:1294–1307

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Nguyen K, Ritz D, Gu JQ, Alexander D, Chu M, Miao V, Brian P, Baltz RH (2006) Combinatorial biosynthesis of lipopeptide antibiotics related to daptomycin. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 103:17462–17467

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Nguyen KT, He X, Alexander D, Li C, Gu JQ, Mascio C, Van Praagh A, Mortin L, Chu M, Silverman JA, Brian P, Baltz RH (2010) Engineered hybrid lipopeptide antibiotics related to A54145 and daptomycin with improved properties. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:1404–1413

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Owen JG, Calcutt MJ, Robins KJ, Ackerley DF (2016) Generating functional recombinant NRPS enzymes in the laboratory setting via peptidyl carrier protein engineering. Cell Chem Biol 23:1395–1406

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Pan Y, Yang X, Li J, Zhang R, Hu Y, Zhou Y, Wang J, Zhu B (2011) Genome sequence of the spinosyns-producing bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa NRRL 18395. J Bacteriol 193:3150–3151

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Pati A, Sikorski J, Nolan M et al (2009) Complete genome sequence of Saccharomonospora viridis type strain (P101). Stand Genomic Sci 1:141–149

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Ren H, Hu P, Zhao H (2017) A plug-and-play pathway refactoring workflow for natural product research in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 114:1847–1854

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Röttig M, Medema MH, Blin K, Weber T, Rausch C, Kohlbacher O (2011) NPRSpredictor2—a web server for predicting NRPS adenylation domain specificity. Nucleic Acids Res 39:W362–W367

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Siedlecki J, Hill J, Parr I et al (2003) Array synthesis of novel lipodepsipeptides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 13:4245–4249

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Smanski MJ, Zhou H, Claesen J, Shen B, Fischbach MA, Voigt CA (2016) Synthetic biology to access and expand nature’s chemical diversity. Nat Rev Microbiol 14:135–149

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Solenberg PJ, Matsushima P, Stack DR, Wilkie SC, Thompson RC, Baltz RH (1997) Production of hybrid glycopeptide antibiotics in vitro and in Streptomyces toyocaensis. Chem Biol 4:195–202

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Stachelhaus T, Mootz HD, Marahiel MA (1999) The specificity-conferring code of adenylation domains in nonribosomal peptide synthetases. Chem Biol 6:493–505

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Strieker M, Tanović A, Marahiel MA (2010) Nonribosomal peptide synthetases: structure and dynamics. Curr Opin Struct Biol 20:234–240

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Süssmuth RD, Mainz A (2017) Nonribosomal peptide synthesis—principle and prospects. Angew Chem Int Ed 56:3770–3823

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Voigt CA (2012) Synthetic biology. ACS Synth Biol 1:1–2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Waldron C, Matsushima P, Rosteck PR et al (2001) Cloning and analysis of the spinosad biosynthetic gene cluster of Saccharopolyspora spinosa. Chem Biol 8:487–499

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Wang Y, Chen Y, Shen Q, Yin X (2011) Molecular cloning and identification of the laspartomycin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces viridochromogenes. Gene 483:11–21

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Weber T, Blin K, Duddela S et al (2015) antiSMASH 3.0—a comprehensive resource for the genome mining of biosynthetic gene clusters. Nucleic Acids Res 43:w237–w243

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Weissman KJ (2015) The structural biology of biosynthetic megaenzymes. Nat Chem Biol 11:660–670

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Winn M, Fyans JK, Zhuo Y, Mickelfield J (2016) Recent advances in engineering nonribosomal peptide assembly lines. Nat Prod Rep 33:317–347

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Yamanaka K, Reynolds KA, Kersten RD et al (2014) Direct cloning and refactoring of a silent lipopeptide biosynthetic gene cluster yields the antibiotic taromycin A. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 111:1957–1962

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Yuzawa S, Backman TW, Keasling JD, Katz L (2018) Synthetic biology of polyketide synthases: review and perspective. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-018-2021-9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

I thank my many colleagues at Eli Lilly and Company and Cubist Pharmaceuticals who carried out exceptional industrial research on genetic manipulation and combinatorial biosynthesis of daptomycin and A54145 BGCs. Special thanks go to Margaret McHenney, Pat Solenberg, Patti Matsushima, and Tom Hosted at Lilly; and Vivian Miao, Kien Nguyen, Dylan Alexander, Steve Wrigley, Julia Penn, Steve Martin, Marie Coëffet-Le Gal, Sasha Doekel, Jian-Qiao Gu, Min Chu, and Paul Brian at Cubist. I also thank Hans von Döhren who suggested developing combinatorial biosynthesis between the daptomycin and A54145 NRPSs, and who was a collaborator on the initial project at Lilly.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. CognoGen Biotechnology Consulting, 7636 Andora Drive, Sarasota, FL, 34238, USA

    Richard H. Baltz

Authors
  1. Richard H. Baltz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Richard H. Baltz.

Additional information

The original version of this article was revised: Tables 1, 2 and 3 were published incorrectly. Now, they have been corrected.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Baltz, R.H. Synthetic biology, genome mining, and combinatorial biosynthesis of NRPS-derived antibiotics: a perspective. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 45, 635–649 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-017-1999-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-017-1999-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation