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Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles: insights into bystander effects of exosomes after irradiation

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Abstract

This review article aims to address the kinetic of TDEs in cancer cells pre- and post-radiotherapy. Radiotherapy is traditionally used for the treatment of multiple cancer types; however, there is growing evidence to show that radiotherapy exerts NTEs on cells near to the irradiated cells. In tumor mass, irradiated cells can affect non-irradiated cells in different ways. Of note, exosomes are nano-scaled cell particles releasing from tumor cells and play key roles in survival, metastasis, and immunosuppression of tumor cells. Recent evidence indicated that irradiation has the potential to affect the dynamic of different signaling pathways such as exosome biogenesis. Indeed, exosomes act as intercellular mediators in various cell communication through transmitting bio-molecules. Due to their critical roles in cancer biology, exosomes are at the center of attention. TDEs contain an exclusive molecular signature that they may serve as tumor biomarker in the diagnosis of different cancers. Interestingly, radiotherapy and IR could also contribute to altering the dynamic of exosome secretion. Most probably, the content of exosomes in irradiated cells is different compared to exosomes originated from the non-irradiated BCs. Irradiated cells release exosomes with exclusive content that mediate NTEs in BCs. Considering variation in cell type, IR doses, and radio-resistance or radio-sensitivity of different cancers, there is, however, contradictions in the feature and activity of irradiated exosomes on neighboring cells.

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Abbreviations

ALIX:

ALG2-interacting protein X

BCs:

Bystander cells

ESCRT:

Endosomal sorting complex required for transport

EMT:

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

EVs:

Extracellular vesicles

HSCs:

Hematopoietic stem cells

HRS:

Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate

ILVs:

Intraluminal vesicles

IR:

Ionizing radiation

MHC I, II:

Major histocompatibility complex class I and class II molecules

MMPs:

Matrix metalloproteinase

MSCs:

Mesenchymal stem cells

miRNAs:

Micro-RNAs

MVs:

Microvesicles

ABs:

Apoptotic bodies

MVBs:

Multivesicular bodies

NTEs:

Non-targeting effects

PM:

Plasma membrane

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SNARs:

Soluble NSF attachment protein receptor

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TDEs:

Tumor-derived exosomes

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the staffs of Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences.

Funding

This study was supported by a grant from Urmia University of Medical Sciences.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran

    Nasrollah Jabbari, Hossein Aftab & Jafar Rezaie

  2. Department of Medical Physics and Imaging, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran

    Nasrollah Jabbari

  3. Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mohammad Karimipour

  4. Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshghah Street, Tabriz, 51548-53431, Iran

    Mohammad Karimipour & Reza Rahbarghazi

  5. Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Majid Khaksar, Morteza Heidarzadeh & Reza Rahbarghazi

  6. Department of Genetic, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran

    Elinaz Akbariazar

  7. Department of Biology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

    Behnam Mojarad

Authors
  1. Nasrollah Jabbari
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  2. Mohammad Karimipour
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  4. Elinaz Akbariazar
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  5. Morteza Heidarzadeh
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  6. Behnam Mojarad
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  7. Hossein Aftab
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  8. Reza Rahbarghazi
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  9. Jafar Rezaie
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Correspondence to Reza Rahbarghazi or Jafar Rezaie.

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Jabbari, N., Karimipour, M., Khaksar, M. et al. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles: insights into bystander effects of exosomes after irradiation. Lasers Med Sci 35, 531–545 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-019-02880-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-019-02880-8

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