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Reversible rock-slope deformations caused by cyclic water-table fluctuations in mountain slopes of the Central Alps, Switzerland

Déformations réversibles de flanc rocheux, causées par les fluctuations cycliques de la surface d’eau libre sous des pentes dans les Alpes Centrales, Suisse

Reversibele Felsdeformationen verursacht durch zyklische Fluktuationen des Grundwasserspiegels in Talflanken alpiner Täler der zentralen Alpen, Schweiz

Deformaciones reversibles de la pendiente de roca causada por fluctuaciones cíclicas del nivel freático en las laderas montañosas de los Alpes Centrales, Suiza

瑞士阿尔卑斯山脉中部山坡周期性水位变动引起的可逆岩石边坡变形

Deformações reversíveis de taludes rochosos causadas por flutuações cíclicas da superfície freática em taludes montanhosos dos Alpes Centrais, Suíça

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Abstract

Within the framework of the Gotthard Base Tunnel Project in the Central Alps, Switzerland, geodetic monitoring networks were installed above the tunnel trajectory in alpine valleys. Natural ground-surface deformation recorded in the years prior to the tunneling excavation was seen to contain an unexpectedly large cyclical component of horizontal strain across the valleys, which was seasonal and appeared to be due to elastic processes. The strain is strongly correlated with snow melt and rainstorm precipitation, suggesting the implied rock-mass deformation is driven by changes in water-table elevation within adjacent mountain slopes. The horizontal strains are of the order of 1–2 · 10–5, which is close to the design limits that can be accommodated by hydropower arch dams in the study area. This study investigates these processes in detail and describes a new mathematical model (REROD), which is able to accurately reproduce and predict such natural rock-slope displacements. The model implements a transfer-function approach to predict the valley-crossing strains from rainfall and winter snow height data recorded at nearby meteorological stations. It has been used to estimate and remove the natural strain signal from the net recorded deformation so as to resolve the component due to tunneling.

Résumé

Dans le cadre du Projet du Tunnel de Base du Saint Gothard, dans les Alpes Centrales, Suisse, des réseaux de contrôle géodésique ont été installés au-dessus du tracé du tunnel dans les vallées. La déformation de la surface du sol naturel, enregistrée au cours des années précédant le creusement du tunnel, a été analysée comme comportant une composante cyclique d’importance inattendue de la contrainte horizontale transverse à la vallée, qui était saisonnière, paraissant due à des mécanismes élastiques. La contrainte est fortement corrélée à la fonte des neiges et aux précipitations abondantes, suggérant que la déformation de la masse rocheuse concernée est contrôlée par les variations de l’altitude de la surface d’eau libre au sein des versants montagneux contigus. Les contraintes horizontales sont de l’ordre de 1–2 · 10–5, très proches des bornes du modèle telles que fournies par les barrages-voûtes hydroélectriques de la zone d’étude. L’étude explore ces mécanismes en détail et décrit un nouveau modèle mathématique (REROD), capable de reproduire de façon précise et de prédire de tels déplacements naturels des versants rocheux. Le modèle met en jeu une fonction de transfert, pour prédire les contraintes transverses à la vallée à partir des hauteurs de pluie et de neige hivernales enregistrées par les stations météorologiques proches. Il a été utilisé pour évaluer le signal de la contrainte naturelle et le soustraire à la déformation enregistrée par le réseau, afin d’isoler la composante due à l’excavation.

Abstract

Im Rahmen des Gotthard Basistunnel-Projekts in den zentralen Alpen der Schweiz wurden in alpinen Tälern geodätische Messnetze oberhalb des Tunnels installiert. Die natürliche Deformation der Geländeoberfläche, die in den Jahren vor Beginn des Tunnelvortriebs gemessen wurde, enthielt eine unerwartet grosse, zyklische Komponente horizontaler Deformation orthogonal zu den Talachsen, die eine saisonale Frequenz aufweist und auf elastischen Prozessen zu beruhen scheint. Das Deformationssignal ist stark mit der Schneeschmelze und starken Niederschlagsereignissen korreliert, was darauf hindeutet, dass die gemessenen Felsdeformationen durch Änderungen der Höhe des Grundwasserspiegels in den angrenzenden Talflanken und Berghängen hervorgerufen werden. Die horizontalen Verformungen bzw. Dehnungen liegen in der Grössenordnung von 1–2 · 10–5, und somit in der Nähe des Grenzwertes der Staumauern von Wasserkraftwerken im Studiengebiet. Diese Studie untersucht diese Prozesse im Detail und beschreibt ein neues mathematisches Modell (REROD), was in der Lage ist, natürliche Felsdeformationen mit hoher Genauigkeit zu reproduzieren und zu prognostizieren. Das Modell basiert auf einem Transferfunktionen-Ansatz, um Verformungen bzw. Dehnungen orthogonal zur Talachse mit Hilfe von Niederschlags- und Schneehöhenmessungen, die von nahegelegenen meteorologischen Messstationen aufgezeichnet wurden, zu prognostizieren. Es wurde zur Abschätzung des natürlichen Deformationssignals eingesetzt, um die natürliche Komponente vom gemessenen Signal entfernen und somit die tunnelinduzierte Komponente auflösen zu können.

Resumen

En el marco del proyecto del túnel de la base de Gotthard en los Alpes Centrales, Suiza, se instalaron redes de monitoreos geodésico por encima de la trayectoria del túnel en los valles alpinos. Se vio que la deformación natural de la superficie del terreno, registrada en los años previos a la excavación del túnel, contenía una componente cíclica inesperadamente grande de la tensión horizontal a través de los valles, lo cual era estacional y parecía estar debida a procesos elásticos. La tensión está fuertemente correlacionada con el derretimiento de la nieve y precipitaciones de las tormentas, lo cual sugiere que la deformación implícita de la masa rocosa está forzada por cambios en la elevación del nivel freático dentro de las laderas de las montañas adyacentes. Las tensiones horizontales son del orden de 1–2 · 10–5, que es cercano a los límites de diseño que pueden ser asimilados para las presas de arco de energía hidroeléctrica en el área de estudio. Este estudio investiga estos procesos en detalle y describe un nuevo modelo matemático (REROD), el cual es capaz de reproducir con exactitud y predecir tales desplazamientos naturales en la pendiente de roca. El modelo implementa una aproximación de función de transferencia para predecir las tensiones que cruzan el valle a partir de los datos registrados de precipitaciones y de altura de nieve en el invierno en estaciones meteorológicas cercanas. Se ha utilizado para estimar y eliminar la señal natural de tensión neta registrada a fin de resolver la componente debido a la tunelización.

摘要

在瑞士阿尔卑斯山脉中部Gotthard基地隧道工程的构架下, 阿尔卑斯山谷中的隧道轨道安装了大地监测网络。在隧道开挖之前所记载的多年天然地表变形包含一个意外的巨大的周期性变化的水平应变的作用,并且由于弹性过程而表现出季节性的变化。这种应变与冰雪融化、暴雨过程有很密切的关系,这充分说明岩体的变形是由邻近山坡水位的变动造成的。水平应变和斜率的数量级均为1–2 · 10–5,这与研究区拱形水坝所能适应的设计限制非常接近。本次研究详细调查了这些过程并且建立了一个新的数学模型(REROD),可以用来精确模拟和预测这类岩石边坡的变形情况。这个模型利用周边气象站的降雨和降雪高程资料,采用转换函数方法预测整个山谷的应变。它已经被用于估算和消除监测网变形数据中的天然应变信号,这样就可以单独研究隧道建设所引起的变形情况。

Resumo

No âmbito do projecto do túnel denominado Gotthard Base Tunnel (GBT), nos Alpes Centrais da Suíça, foram instaladas redes de monitorização geodésica nos vales alpinos acima do traçado do túnel. A deformação da superfície natural do solo registada nos anos anteriores à escavação do túnel apresentou, inesperadamente, uma grande componente cíclica de deformação horizontal transversal aos vales, a qual era sazonal e parecia ser atribuída a processos elásticos. A deformação é fortemente correlacionada com a fusão da neve e com a precipitação em tempestades de chuva, sugerindo que a respectiva deformação da massa rochosa é induzida por mudanças na posição da superfície freática nas encostas das montanhas adjacentes. As deformações horizontais são da ordem de 1–2 · 10–5, valores próximos dos limites de projecto compatíveis com a implantação de barragens hidroeléctricas do tipo arco na área de estudo. Este estudo investiga os processos em pormenor e descreve um novo modelo matemático (REROD) com capacidade de reproduzir com precisão e prever estes deslocamentos em taludes rochosos. O modelo implementa uma abordagem por função de transferência para prever as deformações transversais dos vales a partir dos dados de precipitação e da altura da neve no inverno, registados em estações meteorológicas vizinhas. O método tem sido usado para estimar e remover o sinal de deformação natural na deformação total registada, de modo a determinar a componente devida ao processo de tunelação.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank H. Ehrbar, A. Ryf and F. Ebneter of AlpTransit for the long-term support of this project. We also appreciate important contributions from NOK (M. Lutz), Swissphoto (M. Studer), SLF (N. Dawes) and WSL (M. Zappa). The authors would further like to thank the anonymous reviewers for providing constructive comments and suggestions.

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Correspondence to Juergen Hansmann.

Appendix

Appendix

Here is shown the linear relationships between deformation and snow melt rate or rainfall precipitation rate for Santa Maria, Nalps North and Nalps South. In the case of Santa Maria, data for calibration is taken from the years 2003–2006, for Nalps North, from the years 2001–2004 and for Nalps South from the years 2005–2007. The dashed lines show the linear relation that was used in the models as found by the grid search optimization. Deviations of the linear relation used for the models and the linear relation implied by the data points might arise from errors induced by transformation of snow height or rainfall data from the elevation they were recorded to the elevation of the modeled sensor pairs. Furthermore, for the profiles Nalps North and Nalps South, deformation data only have a 14-day resolution, which limits the accuracy of the data points in the plots (Fig. 17).

Fig. 17
figure 17

Deformation as a function of snow melt rate (left panel) or rain fall rate (right panel) for the cross sections at Santa Maria, Nalps North and Nalps South. Dashed line shows the linear relation for each case, that has been applied in the mathematical model, as found by the brute-force optimization

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Hansmann, J., Loew, S. & Evans, K.F. Reversible rock-slope deformations caused by cyclic water-table fluctuations in mountain slopes of the Central Alps, Switzerland. Hydrogeol J 20, 73–91 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-011-0801-7

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