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Recent developments of titanium dioxide materials for aquatic antifouling application

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Abstract

Biological fouling is undesirable accumulation of various organisms on submerged artificial surfaces. Combating biological fouling on watercrafts and immersed infrastructures is an eternal pursuit since ancient times. Traditionally, toxins, such as arsenic, mercury and tributyltin, were used as antifoulants on ship hulls but they are very harmful to both human and environment. Therefore, worldwide ban on these toxins has been implemented and other toxins with relatively lower environmental impact were used in antifouling coatings along with copper compounds. Unfortunately, these materials still pose a threat to various marine organisms. To completely eliminate this threat, coatings with complete absence of toxic materials have been developed. Nevertheless, these coatings have their own deficiencies, for instance, foul release coatings cannot protect stationary objects. In the past decade, many articles reported that titanium dioxide (TiO2) opens up new possibilities for antifouling materials. This article reports the current development of TiO2 containing materials for antifouling applications.

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Reproduced with permission from Elsevier BV)

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Reproduced with permission from Elsevier BV)

Fig. 10

Reproduced with permission from John Wiley and Sons). b Result of 6-month sea trial with and without TiO2 [52]. Upper: without TiO2; lower: with TiO2 (Reproduced with permission from China Paint & Coatings Industry)

Fig. 11

Reproduced with permission from PJPS). b Sea trial result of the control test without nano-additives [46] (Reproduced with permission from PJPS)

Fig. 12

Reproduced with permission from Trans Tech Publications Ltd.)

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Funding

The authors would like to acknowledge the Hong Kong ITF Grant (project no. ITS/203/17FX) and Aviva Yacht to provide funding support for this project.

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  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, 7/F, Haking Wong Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China

    Wai Szeto & Dennis Y. C. Leung

  2. School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

    Wai Szeto & Michael K. H. Leung

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  1. Wai Szeto
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Correspondence to Dennis Y. C. Leung.

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Reference [39] is produced by Aviva Yacht, a company provided partial funding to support this project.

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Szeto, W., Leung, M.K.H. & Leung, D.Y.C. Recent developments of titanium dioxide materials for aquatic antifouling application. J Mar Sci Technol 26, 301–321 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00773-020-00720-x

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