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Facile and sensitive electrochemical sensing device based on carbon paste electrode for warfarin determination

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Abstract

Warfarin is the most prevalent anticoagulant which prevents blood coagulation as an antagonist of vitamin K. However, its high doses can result in several side effects. Accordingly, checking its level in human blood is of great importance in preventing overdose issues. Therefore, in this research, we proposed an easy-to-use and sensitive electrochemical device using a carbon paste electrode for measuring warfarin. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and field emission scanning electron microscope were employed for monitoring the electrochemical behavior and surface morphology of the applied electrode, respectively. In addition, with the aim of achieving a better outcome, CV was employed to optimize pH and according to the results pH 4.5 was considered as the optimal value. Moreover, the effect of potential scan rate was studied using CV and the reaction possible mechanism was drawn. Furthermore, the selectivity of the constructed sensor was evaluated through investigation of the interfering materials effects and results (RSD values of 0.8–2.1%) demonstrated that the proposed device has considerable selectivity toward warfarin. The fabricated electrochemical device demonstrated desirable sensitivity with a linear response in the warfarin concentration range, the limit of detection and the limit of quantification of 3 × 10–5 to 3 × 10–3 M, 3.15 × 10–7, and 1.05 × 10–6 M, respectively. Given the obtained results, the fabricated device was successfully employed for measuring warfarin in real samples. Based on the RSD value (2.5%), it can be deduced that the fabricated sensor is a promising tool for online monitoring of warfarin in the near future.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Biofuel and Renewable Energy Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran [grant number BNUT/370393/2023].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Biofuel and Renewable Energy Research Center, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran

    Mehraneh Hashemi, Mostafa Rahimnejad & Hoda Ezoji

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  1. Mehraneh Hashemi
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  2. Mostafa Rahimnejad
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  3. Hoda Ezoji
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Correspondence to Mostafa Rahimnejad.

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Hashemi, M., Rahimnejad, M. & Ezoji, H. Facile and sensitive electrochemical sensing device based on carbon paste electrode for warfarin determination. Monatsh Chem 155, 29–35 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00706-023-03134-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00706-023-03134-8

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