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Synthesis and in vitro characteristics of biogenic-derived hydroxyapatite for bone remodeling applications

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Abstract

The inorganic component of bone matrix, hydroxyapatite (HAp) (with formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2), can be obtained from inexpensive waste resources that serve as excellent calcium precursors. In the present study, HAp nano-powder was synthesized from eggshells (ES) and crab shells (CS) by wet chemical precipitation method. Also, a hybrid sample was considered which is a mixture of HAp nano-powder synthesized from eggshells (25%) and crab shells (75%) (EC). The presence of phosphate, carbonate, and hydroxyl groups in the synthesized powder was confirmed through FTIR analysis. The phase composition was determined using XRD, and elemental analysis revealed a Ca/P ratio ranging from 1.5 to 1.8, confirming the HAp nature of the nano-powder, which ranged in size from 73 to 375 nm. Importantly, preliminary in vitro tests were conducted using mouse preosteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1 to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of the synthesized HAp. The results indicated excellent biocompatibility. Moreover, sample EC exhibited a significantly higher proliferation on days 3, 6, 9, and 12. EC demonstrated promising antimicrobial properties by exhibiting a significantly higher inhibitory effect against the bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Escherichia coli, and the fungi Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Additionally, EC displayed notable antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 271.543 µg/ml and 407.764 µg/ml in DPPH and H2O2 assays, respectively. Furthermore, it showed strong anti-inflammatory properties, with a dose-dependent inhibition against protein denaturation. Given these findings, the synthesized HAp holds promise as a potential bone filler and could be beneficial for bone remodeling applications.

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Data availability

Raw data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

Ca/P:

Calcium/phosphorous

CO2 :

Carbon-dioxide

CS:

HAp synthesized from crab shells

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

DPPH:

2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

EC:

HAp from both eggshells and crab shells

EDAX:

Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay

ES:

HAp synthesized from eggshells

FBS:

Fetal Bovine Serum

FTIR:

Fourier transform infraRed spectroscopy

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

HAp:

Hydroxyapatite

IC50 :

Half maximal inhibitory concentration

IMDM:

Iscove’s modified dulbecco medium

JCPDS:

Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards

LB:

Luria–Bertani

MIC:

Minimum inhibitory concentration

MTCC:

Microbial type culture collection and gene bank

MTT:

3-{4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2yl}-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium-bromide

NCCS:

National Centre for Cell Science

RSA:

Radical scavenging activity

RT:

Room temperature

SDA:

Sabouraud dextrose agar

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SPSS:

Statistical package for social sciences

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

YEPD:

Yeast extract peptone dextrose

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Acknowledgements

Authors thank the management of Karpaga Vinayaga College of Engineering and Technology, SAIF, IIT Madras, Prof, Dr. Hairul Islam, Pondicherry Centre for Biological Sciences (PCBS) for helping to carry out this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Karpaga Vinayaga College of Engineering and Technology, Chengalpattu, 603308, Tamil Nadu, India

    B. Ragini

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Karpaga Vinayaga College of Engineering and Technology, Chengalpattu, 603308, Tamil Nadu, India

    Sivakumar Kandhasamy

  3. Department of Biotechnology, St. Joseph’s College of Engineering, Sholinganallur, Chennai, 600119, Tamil Nadu, India

    Justin Packia Jacob

  4. Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, People’s Republic of China

    Sekar Vijayakumar

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Conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, and writing of the original draft was carried out by BR. The draft was reviewed and edited, the work was supervised, and the project administration was carried out by SK. Supervision and project administration by JPJ. Validation, visualization, review and editing were carried out by SV.

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Ragini, B., Kandhasamy, S., Jacob, J.P. et al. Synthesis and in vitro characteristics of biogenic-derived hydroxyapatite for bone remodeling applications. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 47, 23–37 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-023-02940-y

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