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Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Rhodiola imbricata and Withania somnifera root extract and their potential catalytic, antioxidant, cytotoxic and growth-promoting activities

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Abstract

This study presents the development of a sustainable production process of environmentally benign silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from aqueous root extract of Rhodiola imbricata (RI) and Withania somnifera (WS) for mitigating environmental pollution and investigating their potential applications in agriculture and biomedical industry. RIWS-AgNPs were characterized using several analytical techniques (UV–Vis, DLS, HR-TEM, SAED, EDX and FTIR). The antioxidant and anticancer activity of RIWS-AgNPs were estimated by DPPH and MTT assay, respectively. UV–Vis and DLS analysis indicated that equal ratio of RIWS-extract and silver nitrate (1:1) is optimum for green synthesis of well-dispersed AgNPs (λmax: 430 nm, polydispersity index: 0.179, zeta potential: − 17.9 ± 4.14). HR-TEM and SAED analysis confirmed the formation of spherical and crystalline RIWS-AgNPs (37–42 nm). FTIR analysis demonstrated that the phenolic compounds are probably involved in stabilization of RIWS-AgNPs. RIWS-AgNPs showed effective catalytic degradation of hazardous environmental pollutant (4-nitrophenol). RIWS-AgNPs treatment significantly increased the growth and photosynthetic pigments of Hordeum vulgare in a size- and dose-dependent manner (germination (77%), chlorophyll a (12.62 ± 0.07 μg/ml) and total carotenoids (7.05 ± 0.04 μg/ml)). The DPPH assay demonstrated that RIWS-AgNPs exert concentration-dependent potent antioxidant activity (IC50: 12.30 μg/ml, EC50: 0.104 mg/ml, ARP: 959.45). Moreover, RIWS-AgNPs also confer strong cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cancer cell line in dose-dependent manner (cell viability: 9.51 ± 1.55%). Overall, the present study for the first time demonstrated a green technology for the synthesis of stable RIWS-AgNPs and their potential applications in biomedical and agriculture industry as phytostimulatory, antioxidant and anticancer agent. Moreover, RIWS-AgNPs could potentially be used as a green alternative for environmental remediation.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Government of India, for financial support. Authors also wish to acknowledge Aastha Khullar (Department of Rheumatology, PGIMER, Chandigarh), Pankhuri Narula (Kusuma school of biological sciences, IIT, Delhi), Pulkit Bindra (INST, Chandigarh), Rajendra Kumar Singh (DIHAR, DRDO), Gurudev Singh (Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh), Dr. Archana Bhatnagar (Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh) and SAIF Department (Panjab University (Chandigarh), AIIMS (Delhi) and IIT Delhi). The authors are also grateful to Rashmi Gupta and Ankit khullar for copy-editing of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was funded by Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Government of India.

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  1. Sahil Kapoor

    Present address: Department of Botany, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Chandigarh, 160030, India

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Defence Institute of High-Altitude Research (DRDO), C/O 56 APO, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, 901205, India

    Sahil Kapoor, Shweta Saxena & Om Prakash Chaurasia

  2. Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173215, India

    Sahil Kapoor & Hemant Sood

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  1. Sahil Kapoor
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  2. Hemant Sood
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Contributions

Conceptualization: SK; methodology: SK; formal analysis and investigation: SK; writing—original draft preparation: SK; writing—review and editing: SK and HS; funding acquisition: OPC; resources: SK, HS, SS and OPC and supervision: HS, SS and OPC.

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Correspondence to Hemant Sood.

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Kapoor, S., Sood, H., Saxena, S. et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Rhodiola imbricata and Withania somnifera root extract and their potential catalytic, antioxidant, cytotoxic and growth-promoting activities. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 45, 365–380 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-021-02666-9

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