Abstract
Withania somnifera (Dunal), a medicinally important plant, is extensively used in traditional Indian herbal preparations as well as for modern nutraceutical and functional food supplements. Its characteristic phytogenic molecules are modified steroidal lactones called withanolides. Withaferin A is a predominant constituent and is pharmacologically active. Here, we studied the dynamics of biogenesis and accumulation of withaferin A and withanone inWithania leaves at various developmental phases (very young, young, mature, and senescent). HPLC analysis was conducted to determine the amassed quantities of these phytochemicals, while theirde novo biosynthesizing capacity was examined via incorporation studies with a radio-labeled primary precursor, [2-14C]-acetate. Denovo biogenesis and accumulation of withanolides was most active in young leaves. Here, we also discuss developmental patterns and secondary metabolism in relation to eco-physiology and phytopharmaceutical variability.
Literature Cited
Chaurasiya ND, Uniyal GC, Lal R Misra L, Sangwan NS, Tuli R, Sangwan RS (2007) Analysis of withanolides in root and leaf ofWithania somnifera by HPLC with photodiode array- and evaporative light scattering-detection. Phytochem Anal (DOI: 10.1002/pca.1029)
Choi YE, Kim YS, Yi MJ, Park WG, Yi JS, Chun SR, Han SS, Lee SJ (2007) Physiological and chemical characteristics of filed and mountain-cultivated ginseng roots. J. Plant Biol50: 198–205
Dhuley JN (2000) Adaptogenic and cardioprotective action of Ashwagandha in rats and frogs. J Ethnopharmacol70: 57–63
Gershenzon J, Croteau R (1991) Terpenoids,In GA Rosenthal, DH Janzen, eds, Herbivores: Their Interaction with Secondary Plant Metabolites. Academic Press, New York, pp 165–219
Ichikawa H, Takada Y, Shishodia S, Jayaprakasam B, Nair MG, Aggarwal BB (2006) Withanolides potentiate apoptosis, inhibit invasion, and abolish osteoclastogenesis through suppression of nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) activation and NF-kB-regulated gene expression. Mol Cancer Ther5: 1434–1445
Kaileh M, Berghe WV, Heyerick A, Horion J, Piette J, Libert C, de Keukeleire D, Essawi T, Haegeman G (2007) Withaferin A strongly elicits IkB kinase b hyperphosphorylation concomitant with potent inhibition of its kinase activity. J Biol Chem282: 4253–4264
Kim JS, Lee BH, Kim SH, Oh KH, Cho KY (2006) Responses to environmental and chemical signals for anthocyanin biosynthesis in non-chlorophyllous corn (Zea mays L.). J Plant Biol49: 16–25
Lal R Misra L, Sangwan RS, Tuli R (2006) New withanolides from fresh berries ofWithania somnifera. Z Naturforsch61: 1143–1147
Machado SR, Gregoria EA, Guimaraes E (2006) Ovary peltate trichomes ofZeyheria montana (Bignoniaceae): Developmental ultrastructure and secretion in relation to function. Ann Bot97: 357–369
Mishra S, Sangwan RS (1996) Dynamics of tropane alkaloids inDuboisia myoporoides leaf during development. J Herbs Spices Med Plants4: 61–70
Mishra S, Shanker S, Sangwan RS (1998) Lipid profile in relation to tropane alkaloid production and accumulation during leaf growth and senescence inDuboisia myoporoides. Fitoterapia69: 65–72
Misra L, Lal R Sangwan RS, Sangwan NS, Uniyal GC, Tuli R (2005) Unusually sulfated and oxygenated steroids fromWithania somnifera. Phytochemistry66: 2702–2707
Moura MZD, Isaias RM DS, Soares GLG (2005) Ontogenesis of internal secretary cells in leaves ofLantana camara (Verbenaceae). BotJ Linn Soc148: 427–431
Ray AB, Gupta M (1994) Withasteroides: A growing group of naturally occurring steroidal lactones. Prog Chem Org Nat Prod63: 1–106
Riipi M, Ossipov V, Lempa K, Haukioja E, Koricheva J, Ossipova S, Pihlaja K (2002) Seasonal changes in birch leaf chemistry: Are there trade-offs between leaf growth and accumulation of phenolics? Oecologia130: 380–390
Sangwan NS, Farooqi AHA, Shabih F, Sangwan RS (2001) Regulation of essential oil production in plants. Plant Growth Regul34: 3–21
Sangwan RS, Chaurasiya ND, Misra LN, Lal R Uniyal GC, Sangwan NS, Shrivastava AK, Qazi GN, Tuli R (2005) An improvement process for analysis and quantitative isolation of withaferin A, from plant material and products therefrom. US Patent 7108870
Sangwan RS, Chaurasiya ND, Misra LN, Uniyal GC, Sharma R, Sangwan NS, Suri KA, Qazi GN, Tuli R (2004) Phytochemical variability in commercial herbal products and preparations ofWithania somnifera (Ashwagandha). Curr Sci86: 461–465
Schliebs R, Liebmann SK, Kumar A, Ghosal S, Bigl V (1973) Systemic administration of defined extracts fromWithania somnifera (Indian ginseng) and Shilajit differentially affects choilinergic but not glutamatergic and GAB Aergic marker in rat brain. Neurochem Intl30: 181–190
Shanker S, Ajaykumar PV, Sangwan NS, Kumar S, Sangwan RS (1999) Developmental analysis of oil gland count and ultrastructure inM. arvensis leaf. Biol Plant42: 379–387
Sharma S, Sangwan NS, Sangwan RS (2003) Developmental process of essential oil glandular trichome collapsing in menthol mint. Curr Sci84: 544–550
Singh N, Luthra R, Sangwan RS (1989) Effect of leaf position and age on the essential oil quantity and quality in lemongrass. Planta Med55: 254–256
Tohda C, Komatsu K, Kuboyama T (2005) Scientific basis for the anti-dementia drugs of constituents from Ashwagandha(Withania somnifera). J Tradit Med22: 176–182
Woo SY, Lee DS, Kim PG (2004) Growth and eco-physiological characteristics of Panax ginseng grown under three different forest types. J Plant Biol47: 230–235
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chaurasiya, N.D., Gupta, V.K. & Sangwan, R.S. Leaf ontogenic phase-related dynamics of withaferin a and withanone biogenesis in ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal.)- an important medicinal herb. J. Plant Biol. 50, 508–513 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03030691
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03030691