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Spatio-temporal evolution of the magma plumbing system at Masaya Caldera, Nicaragua

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Abstract

Volcanic unrest in calderas can be exhibited through a variety of different mechanisms, such as changes in seismicity and ground deformation, as well as variations in thermal and/or gas emissions. However, not all caldera unrest results in explosive caldera-forming volcanic activity. Alternative activity may include periods of quiescence, passive degassing, effusive activity (e.g., lava flows lava lakes and dome formation), and/or magma injection into the shallow magma system. In this study, we perform a long-term study (spanning 2011–2019) of ground deformation at Masaya using six Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) datasets. Masaya exhibited bi-modal eruptive behavior between 2011 and 2019, dominated by open-vent lava lake activity and punctuated by short-lived summit explosions. The Multidimensional Small BAseline Subset time-series analysis approach was used to take advantage of the temporally dense SAR datasets. Between 2012 and early 2015, we observed degassing-induced pressurization of the Masaya Central Reservoir (MCR) at an estimated volume change rate of ~ 0.28 \(\times\) 106 m3/year. In May 2015, magma was supplied into the MCR at a rate of ~ 5.6 \(\times\) 106 m3/year, leading to the appearance of a summit lava lake in December 2015. Over the next 6 months, rapid magma supply continued to drive lava lake activity and was followed by a cessation of magma supply into the MCR for another 11 months. From mid-2017 to end-2019, we observed depressurization (~ − 0.67 \(\times\) 106 m3/year) of the MCR due to a lack of magma supply and continued high rates of degassing in-conjunction with declining lava lake activity.

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Acknowledgements

All SAR COSMO-SkyMed and 18 RADARSAT-2 scenes were provided through the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Volcano Pilot and Demonstrator working group programs (http://ceos.org/ourwork/workinggroups/disasters/volcanoes/). Fifty RADARSAT-2 scenes were provided by the Canadian Space Agency under SOAR-EI project #5426: “Magma-tectonic interactions in the Managua graben”. All Copernicus Sentinel-1 data are open-access and processed by ESA and were retrieved from ASF DAAC. TanDEM-X 12 m resolution data was provided through the German Aerospace Center (DLR Proposal ID 1552, PI Christelle Wauthier). This work was also conducted as part of the “Optimizing satellite resources for the global assessment and mitigation of volcanic hazards” working group supported by the John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis, funded by the U.S. Geological Survey. MSBAS codes for time-series analysis are available online (https://insar.ca/software/msbas-2d). dMODELS scripts used for McTigue modeling are also available online (https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/13/b1/). Masaya volcanic activity and seismic catalogues were accessed through INETER bulletins (https://webserver2.ineter.gob.ni//sis/bolsis/bolsis.html). Faults mapped in Fig. 1 were kindly provided by Armando Saballos (INETER). Gas geochemistry (CO2/SO2) data shown were kindly provided by Alessandro Aiuppa (UNIPA) and were acquired by UniPa+INGV+INETER collaboration as part of the DCO-DECADE program (https://deepcarboncycle.org/home-decade). Annual SO2 fluxes from the NASA Aura/OMI satellite were obtained from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Global Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring webpage (https://so2.gsfc.nasa.gov/kml/OMI_Catalogue_Emissions_2005-2019.xls). MIROVA VRP data for Masaya were kindly provided by Diego Coppola (UniTo) (https://www.mirovaweb.it/). Computations for this research were performed on the Pennsylvania State University’s Institute for Computational and Data Sciences’ Roar supercomputer. The content of this manuscript is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the views of the Institute for Computational and Data Sciences. The authors thank Judit Gonzalez-Santana for her helpful discussions and sharing of inversion codes, as well as Chuck Ammon, Peter La Femina, and Guido Cervone for their helpful discussions and feedback on an earlier version of this manuscript. The authors would also like to thank associate editor Nicole Métrich and executive editor Andrew Harris, Raphaël Grandin, and one anonymous reviewer for their detailed and constructive comments that have improved this paper.

Funding

This study was funded by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Surface and Interior (ESI) grant (NNX17AD70G) to Peter La Femina (Penn State) and Christelle Wauthier.

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  1. Department of Geoscience, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

    Kirsten J. Stephens & Christelle Wauthier

  2. Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

    Christelle Wauthier

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  1. Kirsten J. Stephens
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design, as well as formal analysis and investigation. The first draft was written by KJS and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Kirsten J. Stephens.

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Stephens, K.J., Wauthier, C. Spatio-temporal evolution of the magma plumbing system at Masaya Caldera, Nicaragua. Bull Volcanol 84, 18 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-022-01533-z

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