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Carboxylic Acid-Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (COOH-MWCNTs) Elicit Concordant Variations in DNA Cytosine Methylation, Gene Expression, Growth, Morphogenesis, Metabolism, and Callogenesis in Salvia nemorosa; An In Vitro Biological Assessment

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Abstract

The recent decade has witnessed remarkable breakthroughs in the use of nano-scaled substances in the field of the cell, tissue, and organ culture of plants. This study investigated how Salvia nemorosa responds to the supplementation of a culture medium with different concentrations of carboxylic acid-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (COOH-MWCNTs; 0, 40, 80, and 120 mgl−1). The application of COOH-MWCNTs influenced plant growth, morphogenesis, and organogenesis. COOH-MWCNTs, especially at 80 mgl−1, reinforced the shoot and root development. The nano-supplements increased biomass accumulations by 2.3-fold. MWCNTs at 120 mgl−1 contributed to the modification in DNA methylation. Moreover, COOH-MWCNTs contributed to the slight increase in the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments. The COOH-MWCNTs-supplemented seedlings contained higher total protein contents than the control. The activities of peroxidase and catalase enzymes displayed an upward trend (about 2-fold) in response to the COOH-MWCNTs. Likewise, COOH-MWCNTs significantly stimulated the activity of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzyme. The COOH-MWCNTs application enhanced the concentrations of phenylpropanoid derivatives and alkaloids. The nano-scaled material also up-regulated the expression of the tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) gene. Moreover, the COOH-MWCNTs improved callogenesis performance and callus biomass. The biological assessments support the hypothesis that COOH-MWCNTs can be considered as a highly potent elicitor of plant morphogenesis, organogenesis, cell differentiation, callogenesis, metabolism, transcriptome, and DNA methylome.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr. K. Khosraviani for his benevolent and professional collaborations in the research procedure.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

    Soudeh Ghorbani & Alireza Iranbakhsh

  2. Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran

    Mostafa Ebadi

  3. Department of Biology, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran

    Zahra Oraghi Ardebili

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  1. Soudeh Ghorbani
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  2. Alireza Iranbakhsh
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  4. Zahra Oraghi Ardebili
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SG: conceptualization, resources, methodology, investigation, review, and editing; AI: conceptualization, visualization, investigation, methodology, formal analysis, writing-original draft, review, and editing; ME: conceptualization, visualization, investigation, formal analysis, software analysis, review, and editing; ZOA: conceptualization, visualization, methodology, investigation, software analysis, formal analysis, review, and editing. All authors have contributed, seen, and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Alireza Iranbakhsh.

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Ghorbani, S., Iranbakhsh, A., Ebadi, M. et al. Carboxylic Acid-Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (COOH-MWCNTs) Elicit Concordant Variations in DNA Cytosine Methylation, Gene Expression, Growth, Morphogenesis, Metabolism, and Callogenesis in Salvia nemorosa; An In Vitro Biological Assessment. J Plant Growth Regul 42, 4557–4569 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-023-10924-1

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