Abstract
Key message
Global DNA methylation changes caused by in vitro conditions are associated with the subculturing and phenotypic variation in Agave angustifolia Haw.
Abstract
While the relationship between the development of albinism and in vitro culture is well documented, the role of epigenetic processes in this development leaves some important questions unanswered. During the micropropagation of Agave angustifolia Haw., we found three different phenotypes, green (G), variegated (V) and albino (A). To understand the physiological and epigenetic differences among the somaclones, we analyzed several morphophysiological parameters and changes in the DNA methylation patterns in the three phenotypes during their in vitro development. We found that under in vitro conditions, the V plantlets maintained their CAM photosynthetic capacity, while the A variant showed no pigments and lost its CAM photosynthetic ability. Epigenetic analysis revealed that global DNA methylation increased in the G phenotype during the first two subcultures. However, after that time, DNA methylation levels declined. This hypomethylation correlated with the appearance of V shoots in the G plantlets. A similar correlation occurred in the V phenotype, where an increase of 2 % in the global DNA methylation levels was correlated with the generation of A shoots in the V plantlets. This suggests that an “epigenetic stress memory” during in vitro conditions causes a chromatin shift that favors the generation of variegated and albino shoots.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adler S, Beulé T, Debladis E, Finnegan EJ, Ilbert P, Jaligot E, Richaud F, Rival A (2011) Epigenetic imbalance and the floral developmental abnormality of the in vitro-regenerated oil palm Elaeis guineensis. Ann Bot 108(8):1453–1462
Aluru MR, Bae H, Wu D, Rodermel SR (2001) The Arabidopsis immutans mutation affects plastid differentiation and the morphogenesis of white and green sectors in variegated plants. Plant Physiol 127:67–77
Avivi Y, Morad V, Ben-Meir H, Zhao J, Kashkush K, Tzfira T, Citovsky V, Grafi G (2004) Reorganization of specific chromosomal domains and activation of silent genes in plant cells acquiring pluripotentiallyty. Dev Dyn 230:12–22
Avramova Z (2015) Transcriptional ‘memory’ of a stress; transient chromatin and memory (epigenetic) marks at stress response genes. Plant J 83:149–159
Bairu MW, Aremu AO, Staden JV (2010) Somaclonal variation in plants: causes and detection methods. Plant Growth Regul 63:147–173
Baranek M, Krizan B, Ondrusý´kova´ E, Pidra M (2010) DNA-methylation changes in grapevine somaclones following in vitro culture and thermotherapy. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 101:11–22
Broughton S (2008) Ovary co-culture improves embryo and green plant production in anther culture of Australian spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cult 95:185–195
Chen J, Henny RJ (2006) Somaclonal variation: an important source for cultivar development of floriculture crops. In: Teixeira da Silva RJ (ed) Floriculture, ornamental and plant biotechnology. Global Science Books, London, UK, pp 244–253
Chin CK (1980) Growth behavior of green and albino plants of Episcia cupreata “Pink brocade” in vitro. In Vitro 16:847–850
Chiruvella KK, Mohammed A, Ghanta RG (2014) Phenotypic aberrations during micropropagation of Soymida febrifuga (Roxb.) Adr. Juss. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 6:99–104
Díaz-Sala C, Rey M, Boronat A, Besford R, Rodríguez R (1995) Variation in the DNA methylation and polypeptide patterns of adult hazel (Corylus avellana L.) associated with sequential in vitro. Plant Cell Rep 15:218–221
Dunford R, Walden RM (1991) Plastid genome structure and plastid-related transcript levels in albino barley plants derived from anther culture. Curr Genet 20:339–347
Echavarría-Machado I, Sánchez-Cach L, Hernández-Zepeda C, Rivera-Madrid R, Moreno-Valenzuela O (2005) A simple and efficient method for isolation of DNA in high mucilaginous plant tissues. Mol Biotechnol 31:129–135
Ehrler WL (1969) Daytime stomatal closure in Agave americana as related to enhanced water-use efficiency. In: Hoff CC, Riedesel ML (eds) Physiological systems in semiarid environments. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, pp 239–247
Feng S, Jacobsen SE, Reik W (2010) Epigenetic reprogramming in plant and animal development. Science 330:622–627
Gaspar T, Kevers C, Penel C, Greppin H, Reid DM, Thorpe TA (1996) Plant hormones and plant growth regulators in plant tissue culture. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 32(4):272–289
Gentry HS, Sauck JR (1978) The stomatal complex in agave: groups deserticolae, campaniflorae, umbelliflorae. Proc Calif Acad Sci 41:371–387
George EF, Hall MA, Klerk GJ (2008) Plant tissue culture procedure—background. In: George EF, Hall MA, Klerk GJ (eds) Plant propagation by tissue culture. Springer, Netherlands, pp 1–28
Harada T, Sato T, Asaka D, Matsukawa I (1990) Large-scale deletions of rice plastid DNA in anther culture. Theor Appl Genet 81:157–161
Hartsock TL, Nobel PS (1976) Watering converts a CAM plant to daytime CO2 uptake. Nature 262:574–576
Hernández-Valencia R, López-Franco R, Benavides-Mendoza A (2003) Micromorphology of the foliar epidermis of Agave tequilana Weber. Agrofaz 3:387–396
Horton P, Ruban AV, Walters RG (1994) Regulation of light harvesting in green plants. Plant Physiol 106:415–420
Huang H, Han SS, Wang Y, Zhang XZ, Han ZH (2012) Variations in leaf morphology and DNA methylation following in vitro of Malus xiajinensis. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cult 111:153–161
Jacquard C, Nolin F, Hécart C, Grauda D, Rashal I, Dhondt-Cordelier S, Sangwan R, Devaux P, Mazeyrat-Goubeyré F, Clément C (2009) Microspore embryogenesis and programmed cell death in barley: effects of copper on albinism in recalcitrant cultivars. Plant Cell Rep 28:1329–1339
Jaligot E, Rival A, Beulé T, Dussert S, Verdeil JL (2000) Somaclonal variation in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.): the DNA methylation hypothesis. Plant Cell Rep 19:684–690
Jaligot E, Beulé T, Rival A (2002) Methylation-sensitive RFLPs: characterization of two oil palm markers showing somaclonal variation-associated polymorphism. Theor Appl Genet 104:1263–1269
Joyce SM, Cassells AC (2002) Variation in potato microplant morphology in vitro and DNA methylation. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 70(2):125–137
Joyce SM, Cassells AC, Jain SM (2003) Stress and aberrant phenotypes in in vitro culture. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 74(2):103–121
Kaeppler SM, Phillips RL (1993a) Tissue culture-induced DNA methylation variation in maize. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 90:8773–8776
Kaeppler SM, Phillips RL (1993b) DNA methylation and tissue culture-induced variation in plants. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 29:125–130
Kaeppler SM, Kaeppler HF, Rhee Y (2000) Epigenetic aspects of somaclonal variation in plants. Plant Mol Biol 43(2):179–188
Koukalova B, Fojtova M, Lim KY, Fulnecek J, Leitch AR, Kovarik A (2005) Dedifferentiation of tobacco cells is associated with ribosomal RNA gene hypomethylation, increased transcription and chromatin alterations. Plant Physiol 139:275–286
Kumari M, Clarke HJ, Small I, Siddique KHM (2009) Albinism in plants: a major bottleneck in wide hybridization, androgenesis and doubled haploid culture. Crit Rev Plant Sci 28:393–409
Larkin PJ, Scowcroft WR (1981) Somaclonal variation: a novel source of variability from cell cultures for plant improvement. Theor Appl Genet 60:197–214
Law JA, Jacobsen SE (2010) Establishing, maintaining and modifying DNA methylation patterns in plants and animals. Nature 11:204–220
Leong TY, Anderson JM (1984) Adaptation of the thylakoid membranes of pea chloroplasts to light intensities. I. Study on the distribution of chlorophyll-protein complexes. Photosynth Res 5:105–115
Liu NT, Jane WN, Tsay HS, Wu H, Chang WC (2007) Chloroplast genome aberration in micropropagation derived albino Bambusa edulis mutants, ab1 and ab2. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cult 88:147–156
Mallikarjuna N (1999) Ovule and embryo culture to obtain hybrids from interspecific incompatible pollinations in chickpea. Euphytica 110:1–6
McClendon JF (1908) On xerophytic adaptations of leaf structure in Yuccas, Agaves and Nolinas. Am Soc Nat 42:308–316
Meehan L, Harkins K, Chory J, Rodemel S (1996) Lhcb transcription is coordinated with cell size and chlorophyll accumulation. Plant Physiol 112:953–963
Miguel C, Marum L (2011) An epigenetic view of plant cells cultured in vitro: somaclonal variation and beyond. J Exp Bot 62(11):3713–3725
Miura E, Kato Y, Sakamoto W (2010) Comparative transcriptome analysis of green/white variegated sectors in Arabidopsis yellow variegated2: responses to oxidative and other stresses in white sectors. J Exp Bot 61:2433–2445
Monja-Mio KM, Barredo Pool FA, Herrera Herrera G, Esqueda Valle M, Robert ML (2015) Development of the stomatal complex and leaf surface of Agave angustifolia Haw. ‘Bacanora’ plantlets during the in vitro to ex vitro transition process. Sci Hortic 189:32–40
Murashige T (1974) Plant propagation through tissue cultures. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 25:135–166
Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15:473–497
Nuutila AM, Hämäläinen J, Mannonen L (2000) Optimization of media nitrogen and copper concentrations for regeneration of green plants from polyembryogenic cultures of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Plant Sci 151:85–92
Osmond CB, Adams IWW, Smith SD (1989) Crassulacean acid metabolism. In: Pearcy RW, Ehleringer J, Mooney HA, Rundel PW (eds) Plant physiological ecology. Field methods and instrumentation. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 255–280
Pauk J, Puolimatka M, Tóth KL, Monostori T (2000) In vitro androgenesis of triticale in isolated microspore culture. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cult 61:221–229
Peraza-Echeverria S, Herrera-Valencia VA, James-Kay A (2001) Detection of DNA methylation changes in micropropagated plants using methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP). Plant Sci 161:359–367
Pierik RLM (1991) Commercial aspects of micropropagation. In: Prakash J, Pierik RLM (eds) Horticulture-new technologies and applications. Springer, Netherlands, pp 141–153
Plumb-Dhindsa PL, Dhindsa RS, Thorpe T (1979) Non-autotrophic CO2 fixation during shoot formation in Tobacco callus. J Exp Bot 30:759–767
Pospíslová J, Wilhelmová N, Synková H, Catský J, Krebs D, Tichá I, Hanáckova B, Snopek J (1998) Acclimation of tobacco plantlets to ex vitro conditions as affected by application of abscisic acid. J Exp Bot 49:863–869
Qin G, Gu H, Ma L, Peng Y, Deng XW, Chen Z, Qu LJ (2007) Disruption of phytoene desaturase gene results in albino and dwarf phenotypes in Arabidopsis by impairing chlorophyll, carotenoid, and gibberellin biosynthesis. Cell Res 17:471–482
Raveh E, Wang N, Nobel PS (1998) Gas exchange and metabolite fluctuations in green and yellow band of variegated leaves of the monocotyledonous CAM species Agave americana. Physiol Plant 103:99–106
Rival A, Ilbert P, Labeyrie A, Torres E, Doulbeau S, Personne A, Dussert S, Beulé T, Durand-Gasselin T, Tregear JW, Jaligot E (2013) Variations in genomic DNA methylation during the long-term in vitro proliferation of oil palm embryogenic suspension cultures. Plant Cell Rep 32:359–368
Robert ML, Herrera JL, Contreras F (1992) Micropropagation of Agave spp. In: Bajaj YPS (ed) Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 307–329
Robert ML, Herrera-Herrera JL, Castillo E, Ojeda G, Herrera-Alamillo MA (2006) An efficient method for the Micropropagation of Agave species. In: Loyola-Vargas VM, Vázquez-Flota F (eds) Plant cell culture protocols. Humana Press, Tolowa, NJ, pp 165–178
Rodermel S (2002) Arabidopsis variegation mutants. In: Somerville C, Meyerowitz EM (eds) The Arabidopsis book, vol 1. American Society of Plant Biologist, Rockville MD, pp 1–28
Sakamoto W, Tamura T, Hanba-Tomita Y, Sodmergen M, Murata M (2002) The VAR1 locus of Arabidopsis encodes a chloroplastic FtsH and is responsible for leaf variegation in the mutant alleles. Genes Cells 7:769–780
Santamaría JM, Herrera JL, Robert ML (1995) Stomatal physiology of micropropagated CAM plant, Agave tequilana (Weber). J Plant Growth Regul 16:211–214
Schellenbaum P, Mohler V, Wenzel G, Walter B (2008) Variation in DNA methylation patterns of grapevine somaclones (Vitis vinifera L.). BMC Plant Biol 8:78
Smith HB (1999) Photosynthetic pigmentation-variegations on a theme. Plant Cell 11:1–3
Smulders MJM, Klerk GJ (2011) Epigenetics in plant tissue culture. Plant Growth Regul 63:137–146
Smulders MJM, Rus-Kortekaas W, Vosman B (1995) Tissue culture-induced DNA methylation polymorphisms in repetitive DNA of tomato calli and regenerated plants. Theor Appl Genet 91:1257–1264
Smýkal L, Valledor L, Rodriguez R, Griga M (2007) Assessment of genetic and epigenetic stability in long-term in vitro shoot culture of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Plant Cell Rep 26:1985–1998
Spoehr HA (1942) The culture of albino maize. Plant Physiol 17:397–410
Stroud H, Ding B, Simon SA, Feng S, Bellizzi M, Pellegrini M, Wang G-L, Meyers BC, Jacobsen SE (2013) Plants regenerated from tissue culture contain stable epigenome changes in rice. Elife 2:e00354
Tuvesson IKD, Pedersen S, Andersen SB (1989) Nuclear genes affecting albinism in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) anther culture. Theor Appl Genet 78:879–883
Us-Camas R, Rivera-Solís G, Duarte-Aké F, De-la-Peña C (2014) In vitro culture an epigenetic challenge for plants. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cult 118:187–201
Valladares F, Niinemets Ü (2008) Shade tolerance, a key plant feature of complex nature and consequences. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 39:237–257
Vázquez AM, Linacero R (2010) Stress and somaclonal variation. In: Pua EC, Davey M (eds) Plant developmental biology-biotechnological perspectives. Springer, New York, pp 45–64
Vining K, Pomraning KR, Wilhelm LJ, Ma C, Pellegrini M, Di Y, Mockler TC, Freitag M, Strauss ST (2013) Methylome reorganization during in vitro dedifferentiation and regeneration of Populus trichocarpa. BMC Plant Biol 13:92
Wang Q-M, Wang L, Zhou Y, Cui J, Wang Y, Zhao C (2016) Leaf patterning of Clivia miniata var. variegata is associated with differential DNA methylation. Plant Cell Reports 35(1):167–184
Wellburn AR (1994) The spectral determination of chlorophylls a and b, as well as total carotenoids, using various solvents with spectrophotometers of different resolution. J Plant Physiol 144:307–313
Wojnarowiez G, Caredda S, Devaux P, Sangwan R, Clément C (2004) Barley anther culture: assessment of carbohydrate effects on embryo yield, green plant production and differential plastid development in relation with albinism. J Plant Physiol 161:747–755
Xing S, Miao J, Li S, Qin G, Tang S, Li H, Gu H, Qu LJ (2010) Disruption of the 1-deoxy-d-Xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) gene results in albino, dwarf and defects in trichome initiation and stomata closure in Arabidopsis. Cell Res 20:688–700
Xu M, Li X, Korban SS (2004) DNA-methylation alterations and exchanges during in vitro cellular differentiation in rose (Rosa hybrida L.). Theor Appl Genet 109:899–910
Yao JL, Cohen D (2000) Multiple gene control of plastome-genome incompatibility and plastid DNA inheritance in interspecific hybrids of Zantedeschia. Theor Appl Genet 101:400–406
Yao JL, Cohen D, Rowland RE (1995) Interspecific albino and variegated hybrids in the genus Zantedeschia. Plant Sci 109:199–206
Zaffari GR, Peres LEP, Kerbaury GB (1998) Endogenous levels of cytokinins, indoleacetic acid, abscisic acid, and pigments in variegated somaclones of micropropagated banana leaves. J Plant Growth Regul 17:59–61
Zhao J, Morozova N, Williams L, Libs L, Avivi Y, Grafi G (2001) Two phases of chromatin decondensation during dedifferentiation of plant cells. J Biol Chem 276:22772–22778
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by CONSEJO NACIONAL DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA (CONACYT), scholarships 255368 to FDA; and Grant CB2012-178149 to CD.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Communicated by X. Sheng Zhang.
An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-016-2086-8.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Duarte-Aké, F., Castillo-Castro, E., Pool, F.B. et al. Physiological differences and changes in global DNA methylation levels in Agave angustifolia Haw. albino variant somaclones during the micropropagation process. Plant Cell Rep 35, 2489–2502 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-016-2049-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-016-2049-0