Abstract
Introduction
Surgical treatment using DAIR (debridement, systemic antibiotics, and implant retention) can lead to high rates of treatment success in cases of early periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) but can fail in late-onset cases. Supplementary local antibiotic therapy is not yet generally established and lacks evidence-based proof of efficacy. The aim of this study was to analyze DAIR outcomes in recurrent PJI cases and patients who are not suitable for a two-stage exchange, using additional degradable calcium-based antibiotics.
Methods
All patients fulfilled the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines for chronic late-onset PJI but were not suitable for a multistage procedure because of their individual operation risk. A total of 42 patients (mean age, 73 years) were treated using a single-stage algorithm consisting of DAIR, followed by implantation of degradable antibiotics chosen in accordance with an antibiogram. OSTEOSET® (admixed ceftriaxone/vancomycin/tobramycin) and Herafill-Gentamycin® were used as carrier systems. The follow-up period was 23 months (± SD, 10.3). The study is based on institutional review board (IRB) approval.
Results
The clinical entities were chronic PJI of the hip (45.2%), knee (28.6%), and knee arthrodesis (26.2%). The bacterial spectrum was composed of Staphylococcus epidermidis (29%), Staphylococcus aureus (21%), and Enterococcus faecalis (21%). 21.4% showed a combination of two or more bacteria. In 73.8%, permanent remission was achieved, while 11.9% showed chronic PJI under implant retention. Implant retention could be achieved in 85.7%.
Conclusion
DAIR usually shows low levels of success in difficult-to-treat cases. However, we could demonstrate the successful treatment of patients with recurrent PJI (typically considered DAIR-inappropriate) using degradable antibiogram-based topical calcium-based antibiotics. Over 70% of the cases went to remission and over 85% of the implants could be retained.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Dieter C, Wirtz CR, Reichel H, (HRSG.) (eds) (2008) Revisionsendoprothetik der Hüftpfanne, vol 1. Heiko Reichel, Heidelberg
Sporer SM, Paprosky WG (2006) The use of a trabecular metal acetabular component and trabecular metal augment for severe acetabular defects. J Arthroplast 21(6 Suppl 2):83–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2006.05.008
Yu R, Hofstaetter JG, Sullivan T, Costi K, Howie DW, Solomon LB (2013) Validity and reliability of the Paprosky acetabular defect classification. Clin Orthop Relat Res 471(7):2259–2265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-013-2844-7
Kurtz SM, Lau E, Watson H, Schmier JK, Parvizi J (2012) Economic burden of periprosthetic joint infection in the United States. J Arthroplast 27(8 Suppl):61–65
Roger PM, Tabutin J, Blanc V, Leotard S, Brofferio P, Lecule F, Redreau B, Bernard E, Reso Infectio Paca E (2015) Prosthetic joint infection: a pluridisciplinary multi-center audit bridging quality of care and outcome. Med Mal Infect 45(6):229–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2015.04.003
Muhlhofer HM, Schauwecker J, Banke IJ, von Eisenhart-Rothe R (2015) Septic endoprosthesis exchange: preoperative diagnosis and reimplantation. Orthopade 44(12):946–951
Maillet M, Pavese P, Bruley D, Seigneurin A, Francois P (2015) Is prosthesis retention effective for chronic infections in hip arthroplasties? A systematic literature review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 34(8):1495–1502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-015-2388-8
Yoon YC, Lakhotia D, Oh JK, Moon JG, Prashant K, Shon WY (2015) Is two-stage reimplantation effective for virulent pathogenic infection in a periprosthetic hip? A retrospective analysis. World J Orthop 6(9):712–718. https://doi.org/10.5312/wjo.v6.i9.712
Kunutsor SK, Whitehouse MR, Lenguerrand E, Blom AW, Beswick AD, Team I (2016) Re-infection outcomes following one- and two-stage surgical revision of infected knee prosthesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 11(3):e0151537
Wongworawat MD (2013) Clinical faceoff: one- versus two-stage exchange arthroplasty for prosthetic joint infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res 471(6):1750–1753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-013-2882-1
Kapadia BH, Banerjee S, Cherian JJ, Bozic KJ, Mont MA (2016) The economic impact of periprosthetic infections after total hip arthroplasty at a specialized tertiary-care center. J Arthroplast. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2016.01.021
Kamath AF, Ong KL, Lau E, Chan V, Vail TP, Rubash HE, Berry DJ, Bozic KJ (2015) Quantifying the burden of revision total joint arthroplasty for periprosthetic infection. J Arthroplast 30(9):1492–1497
Lamagni T (2014) Epidemiology and burden of prosthetic joint infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 69(1):5–10
Peel TN, Dowsey MM, Buising KL, Liew D, Choong PF (2013) Cost analysis of debridement and retention for management of prosthetic joint infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 19(2):181–186
Qasim SN, Swann A, Ashford R (2017) The DAIR (debridement, antibiotics and implant retention) procedure for infected total knee replacement–a literature review. SICOT-J 3
Sendi P, Lotscher PO, Kessler B, Graber P, Zimmerli W, Clauss M (2017) Debridement and implant retention in the management of hip periprosthetic joint infection: outcomes following guided and rapid treatment at a single centre. Bone Joint J 99(3):330–336
Webb JE, Schleck CD, Larson DR, Lewallen DG, Trousdale RT (2014) Mortality of elderly patients after two-stage reimplantation for total joint infection: a case-control study. J Arthroplast 29(11):2206–2210
Leite PS, Figueiredo S, Sousa R (2016) Prosthetic joint infection: report on the one versus two-stage exchange EBJIS survey. J Bone Joint Infect 1:1–6
Nagra NS, Hamilton TW, Ganatra S, Murray DW, Pandit H (2016) One-stage versus two-stage exchange arthroplasty for infected total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 24(10):3106–3114
Osmon D, Berbari E, Berendt A, Lew D, Zimmerli W, Steckelberg J, Rao N, Hanssen A, Wilson W, Infectious Diseases Society of A (2013) Diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infection: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 56(1):e1–e25
Lora-Tamayo J, Senneville E, Ribera A, Bernard L, Dupon M, Zeller V, Li HK, Arvieux C, Clauss M, Uckay I, Vigante D, Ferry T, Iribarren JA, Peel TN, Sendi P, Miksic NG, Rodriguez-Pardo D, Del Toro MD, Fernandez-Sampedro M, Dapunt U, Huotari K, Davis JS, Palomino J, Neut D, Clark BM, Gottlieb T, Trebse R, Soriano A, Bahamonde A, Guio L, Rico A, Salles MJC, Pais MJG, Benito N, Riera M, Gomez L, Aboltins CA, Esteban J, Horcajada JP, O’Connell K, Ferrari M, Skaliczki G, Juan RS, Cobo J, Sanchez-Somolinos M, Ramos A, Giannitsioti E, Jover-Saenz A, Baraia-Etxaburu JM, Barbero JM, Choong PFM, Asseray N, Ansart S, Moal GL, Zimmerli W, Ariza J (2017) The not-so-good prognosis of streptococcal periprosthetic joint infection managed by implant retention: the results of a large multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis 64(12):1742–1752
Tschudin-Sutter S, Frei R, Dangel M, Jakob M, Balmelli C, Schaefer DJ, Weisser M, Elzi L, Battegay M, Widmer AF (2016) Validation of a treatment algorithm for orthopaedic implant-related infections with device-retention-results from a prospective observational cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 22(5):20
Kuiper JW, Willink RT, Moojen DJ, van den Bekerom MP, Colen S (2014) Treatment of acute periprosthetic infections with prosthesis retention: review of current concepts. World J Orthop 5(5):667–676
Wang J, Calhoun JH, Mader JT (2002) The application of bioimplants in the management of chronic osteomyelitis. Orthopedics 25(11):1247–1252
Mader JT, Calhoun J, Cobos J (1997) In vitro evaluation of antibiotic diffusion from antibiotic-impregnated biodegradable beads and polymethylmethacrylate beads. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41(2):415–418
Armstrong DG, Findlow AH, Oyibo SO, Boulton AJ (2001) The use of absorbable antibiotic-impregnated calcium sulphate pellets in the management of diabetic foot infections. Diabet Med 18(11):942–943
Klemm K (1979) Gentamicin-PMMA-beads in treating bone and soft tissue infections (author’s transl). Zentralbl Chir 104(14):934–942
Klemm K, Borner M (1986) Treatment of chronic osteomyelitis with gentamicin PMMA chains. Unfallchirurgie 12(3):128–131
Adams K, Couch L, Cierny G, Calhoun J, Mader JT (1992) In vitro and in vivo evaluation of antibiotic diffusion from antibiotic-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads. Clin Orthop Relat Res 278:244–252
Blaha JD, Calhoun JH, Nelson CL, Henry SL, Seligson D, Esterhai JL Jr, Heppenstall RB, Mader J, Evans RP, Wilkins J et al (1993) Comparison of the clinical efficacy and tolerance of gentamicin PMMA beads on surgical wire versus combined and systemic therapy for osteomyelitis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 295:8–12
Walenkamp GH, Kleijn LL, de Leeuw M (1998) Osteomyelitis treated with gentamicin-PMMA beads: 100 patients followed for 1-12 years. Acta Orthop Scand 69(5):518–522
Neut D, van de Belt H, Stokroos I, van Horn JR, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ (2001) Biomaterial-associated infection of gentamicin-loaded PMMA beads in orthopaedic revision surgery. J Antimicrob Chemother 47(6):885–891
Heybeli N, Oktar FN, Ozyazgan S, Akkan G, Ozsoy S (2003) Low-cost antibiotic loaded systems for developing countries. Technol Health Care 11(3):207–216
Kelm J, Anagnostakos K, Regitz T, Schmitt E, Schneider G, Ahlhelm F (2004) MRSA-infections-treatment with intraoperatively produced gentamycin-vancomycin PMMA beads. Chirurg 75(10):988–995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-004-0847-3
Nelson CL, Griffin FM, Harrison BH, Cooper RE (1992) In vitro elution characteristics of commercially and noncommercially prepared antibiotic PMMA beads. Clin Orthop Relat Res 284:303–309
Walenkamp GH, Vree TB, van Rens TJ (1986) Gentamicin-PMMA beads. Pharmacokinetic and nephrotoxicological study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 205:171–183
DiCicco M, Duong T, Chu A, Jansen SA (2003) Tobramycin and gentamycin elution analysis between two in situ polymerizable orthopedic composites. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 65(1):137–149. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.10528
Ferguson JY, Dudareva M, Riley ND, Stubbs D, Atkins BL, McNally MA (2014) The use of a biodegradable antibiotic-loaded calcium sulphate carrier containing tobramycin for the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis: a series of 195 cases. Bone Joint J 96-B(6):829–836. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.96B6.32756
Turner TM, Urban RM, Hall DJ, Chye PC, Segreti J, Gitelis S (2005) Local and systemic levels of tobramycin delivered from calcium sulfate bone graft substitute pellets. Clin Orthop Relat Res 437:97–104
Chang W, Colangeli M, Colangeli S, Di Bella C, Gozzi E, Donati D (2007) Adult osteomyelitis: debridement versus debridement plus Osteoset T pellets. Acta Orthop Belg 73(2):238–243
Brehm P (2018) KAM TITAN arthrodesis. Brehm Germany. http://www.peter-brehm.de/en/produkte/knie/kam-titan/. Accessed 12.01.2018
Chaussade H, Uckay I, Vuagnat A, Druon J, Gras G, Rosset P, Lipsky BA, Bernard L (2017) Antibiotic therapy duration for prosthetic joint infections treated by debridement and implant retention (DAIR): similar long-term remission for 6 weeks as compared to 12 weeks. Int J Infect Dis 63:37–42
Mousset B, Benoit M, Delloye C, Bouillet R, Guillard J (1997) Biodegradable implants for potential use in bone infection. Int Orthop 21:403–408
Waterman P, Melissa Barber M, Weintrob AC, Regina VanBrakle M, Howard R, Kozar MP, Andersen R, Wortmann G (2012) The elution of colistimethate sodium from polymethylmethacrylate and calcium phosphate cement beads. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead, NJ) 41(6):256–259
Gramlich Y, Walter G, Gils J, Hoffmann R (2017) Early results of adjuvant topical treatment of recurrent osteomyelitis with absorbable antibiotic carriers. Z Orthop Unfall 12(10):0042–112228
Fleiter N, Walter G, Bosebeck H, Vogt S, Buchner H, Hirschberger W, Hoffmann R (2014) Clinical use and safety of a novel gentamicin-releasing resorbable bone graft substitute in the treatment of osteomyelitis/osteitis. Bone Joint Res 3(7):223–229
Kallala R, Haddad FS (2015) Hypercalcaemia following the use of antibiotic-eluting absorbable calcium sulphate beads in revision arthroplasty for infection. Bone Joint J 97-B(9):1237–1241. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.97B9.34532
Wahl P, Livio F, Jacobi M, Gautier E, Buclin T (2011) Systemic exposure to tobramycin after local antibiotic treatment with calcium sulphate as carrier material. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 131(5):657–662. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-010-1192-2
Wright_Medical (Zugang am 28.12.2015) Osteoset® T medicated bone graft substitute technical monograph. Wright Medical Technology, Inc. http://www.ossano.com/Produkter/Bensubstitut/Osteoset/Osteoset.html
Gauland C (2011) Managing lower-extremity osteomyelitis locally with surgical debridement and synthetic calcium sulfate antibiotic tablets. Adv Skin Wound Care 24(11):515–523. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASW.0000407647.12832.6c
Marczak D, Synder M, Sibiński M, Okoń T, Kowalczewski J (2016) The use of calcium carbonate beads containing gentamicin in the second stage septic revision of total knee arthroplasty reduces reinfection rate. Knee 23(2):322–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knee.2015.12.001
Tsourvakas S (2012) Local antibiotic therapy in the treatment of bone and soft tissue infections. In: Selected Topics in Plastic Reconstructive Surgery. InTec
Strauss A (1999) Lokaler Antibiotikumtraeger aus Kalziumsulfat: Vertraeglichkeit im Gewebe und Pharmakokinetik der angewendeten Antibiotika nach Implantation in Kaninchen. Köhler
Hereaus Medical GmbH Werheim Germany (2016) Technical Monograph Herafill. Hereaus Medical Germany. http://heraeus-medical.com/de/produkte_1/knochenersatz/herafill_1.aspx. Accessed 2016
Tice AD, Rehm SJ, Dalovisio JR, Bradley JS, Martinelli LP, Graham DR, Gainer RB, Kunkel MJ, Yancey RW, Williams DN (2004) Practice guidelines for outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy. Clin Infect Dis 38(12):1651–1671
Humm G, Noor S, Bridgeman P, David M, Bose D (2014) Adjuvant treatment of chronic osteomyelitis of the tibia following exogenous trauma using OSTEOSET((R))-T: a review of 21 patients in a regional trauma centre. Strateg Trauma Limb Reconstr 9(3):157–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11751-014-0206-y
Di Benedetto P, Di Benedetto ED, Salviato D, Beltrame A, Gissoni R, Cainero V, Causero A (2017) Acute periprosthetic knee infection: is there still a role for DAIR? Acta Biomed 88(2 -S):84–91
de Vries L, van der Weegen W, Neve WC, Das H, Ridwan BU, Steens J (2016) The effectiveness of debridement, antibiotics and irrigation for periprosthetic joint infections after primary hip and knee arthroplasty. A 15 years retrospective study in two community hospitals in the Netherlands. J Bone Joint Infect 1:20–24
Tsang SJ, Ting J, Simpson A, Gaston P (2017) Outcomes following debridement, antibiotics and implant retention in the management of periprosthetic infections of the hip: a review of cohort studies. Bone Joint J 99-B(11):1458–1466. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.99B11.BJJ-2017-0088.R1
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The study is based on institutional review board (IRB) approval.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gramlich, Y., Walter, G., Klug, A. et al. Procedure for single-stage implant retention for chronic periprosthetic infection using topical degradable calcium-based antibiotics. International Orthopaedics (SICOT) 43, 1559–1566 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-018-4066-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-018-4066-9