Abstract
Biological entities are multicomponent systems where each part is directly or indirectly dependent on the others. In effect, a change in a single component might have a consequence on the functioning of its partners, thus affecting the fitness of the entire system. In this article, we provide a few examples of such complex biological systems, ranging from ant colonies to a population of amino acids within a single-polypeptide chain. Based on these examples, we discuss one of the central and still challenging questions in biology: how do such multicomponent consortia co-evolve? More specifically, we ask how telomeres, nucleo-protein complexes protecting the integrity of linear DNA chromosomes, originated from the ancestral organisms having circular genomes and thus not dealing with end-replication and end-protection problems. Using the examples of rapidly evolving topologies of mitochondrial genomes in eukaryotic microorganisms, we show what means of co-evolution were employed to accommodate various types of telomere-maintenance mechanisms in mitochondria. We also describe an unprecedented runaway evolution of telomeric repeats in nuclei of ascomycetous yeasts accompanied by co-evolution of telomere-associated proteins. We propose several scenarios derived from research on telomeres and supported by other studies from various fields of biology, while emphasizing that the relevant answers are still not in sight. It is this uncertainty and a lack of a detailed roadmap that makes the journey through the jungle of biological systems still exciting and worth undertaking.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Smaranda Willcox (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA) for the English language editing, Martin Gajarský and Lukáš Trantírek (Masaryk University, Brno, Czech republic) for schemes of G quadruplexes (Fig. 2b), and members of our laboratory for discussion. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions. The work in our laboratory is supported by grants from the Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-15-0022 (to L.T.) and APVV-18-0239 (to J.N.) and from the Ministry of Education, Science and Sport of the Slovak Republic (VEGA 1/0061/20 (to L.T.) and VEGA 1/0027/19 (to J.N.)).
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L.T. had the idea for the article and drafted its first version. J.N. critically revised the text and figures. L.T. and J.N. performed the literature search.
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Tomáška, Ľ., Nosek, J. Co-evolution in the Jungle: From Leafcutter Ant Colonies to Chromosomal Ends. J Mol Evol 88, 293–318 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-020-09935-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-020-09935-3