Abstract
In this study, the acute toxicity effects of a fluorescent xanthene dye, Rhodamine B (RhB), widely used in textile, paper, and leather industries was investigated on a freshwater microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. The acute toxicity of RhB on C. vulgaris was determined by examining the growth, cell morphology, pigment production, protein content, and the activities of oxidative stress enzymes. Based on the results of the toxicity study of 24–96 h, the median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ranged from 69.94 to 31.29 mg L−1. The growth of C. vulgaris was conspicuously inhibited by RhB exposure, and the cell surfaces appeared to be seriously shrunk in SEM analysis. The growth of C. vulgaris was hindered after exposure to graded concentrations (10–50 mg L−1) of RhB. A significant reduction in growth rate, pigment synthesis (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid), and protein content was recorded in a dose-dependent manner. After 96 h exposure of C. vulgaris to 50 mg L−1 RhB, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and protein contents were reduced by 71.59, 74.90, 65.84, and 74.20%, respectively. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) also increased markedly in the presence of RhB. A notable effect was observed on oxidative enzymes catalase and peroxidase, indicating that oxidative stress may be the primary factor in the inhibition of growth and pigment synthesis. Consequently, the experimental acute toxicity data were compared to the QSAR prediction made by the ECOSAR programme. Results showed that the experimental acute toxicity values were 67.74-fold lower than the ECOSAR predicted values. The study provides convincing evidence for the metabolic disruption in the ubiquitous microalgae C. vulgaris due to the RhB dye toxicity.
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Abbreviations
- C. vulgaris :
-
Chlorella vulgaris
- IC50 :
-
Median inhibitory Concentration
- RhB:
-
Rhodamine B
- SEM:
-
Scanning Electron Microscopy
- ROS:
-
Reactive Oxygen Species
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- POD:
-
Peroxidase
- SOD:
-
Superoxide Dismutase
- APOX:
-
Ascorbate Peroxidase
- QSAR:
-
Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships
- ECOSAR:
-
Ecological Structure–Activity Relationship
- BOD:
-
Biological Oxygen Demand
- COD:
-
Chemical Oxygen Demand
- TDS:
-
Total Dissolved Solids
- DO:
-
Dissolved Oxygen
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Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Director and Vice-chancellor, ICAR—Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai for providing the necessary facilities and financial assistance. We are also thankful to Dr. Sanath Kumar H, Principal Scientist, FRHPHM Division, ICAR-CIFE, Mumbai for his valuable input during conducting an experiment and correcting this manuscript. The authors also wish to acknowledge sophisticated analytical instrument facilities at SAIF, IIT Bombay for SEM analysis.
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SS: Investigation, Writing—original draft. VSB: Methodology. Sekar Harikrishnan: Methodology. SPS: Conceptualization, Writing-review & editing. RBG: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing—review & editing.
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Sudarshan, S., Bharti, V.S., Harikrishnan, S. et al. Eco-toxicological effect of a commercial dye Rhodamine B on freshwater microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. Arch Microbiol 204, 658 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-022-03254-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-022-03254-5