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Flag leaf size and posture of bread wheat: genetic dissection, QTL validation and their relationships with yield-related traits

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Abstract

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Major and environmentally stable QTL for flag leaf-related traits in wheat were identified and validated across ten environments using six populations with different genetic backgrounds.

Abstract

Flag leaf size and posture are two important factors of “ideotype” in wheat. Despite numerous studies on genetic analysis of flag leaf size including flag leaf length (FLL), width (FLW), area (FLA) and the ratio of length/width (FLR), few have focused on flag leaf posture including flag leaf angle (FLANG), opening angle (FLOA) and bend angle (FLBA). Further, the numbers of major, environmentally stable and verified genetic loci for flag leaf-related traits are limited. In this study, QTL for FLL, FLW, FLA, FLR, FLANG, FLOA and FLBA were identified based on a recombinant inbred line population together with values from up to ten different environments. Totally, eight major and stably expressed QTL were identified. Three co-located chromosomal intervals for seven major QTL were identified. The five major QTL QFll.sicau-5B.3 and QFll.sicau-2D.3 for FLL, QFlr.sicau-5B for FLR, QFlw.sicau-2D for FLW and QFla.sicau-2D for FLA were successfully validated by the tightly linked Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) markers in the other five populations with different genetic backgrounds. A few genes related to leaf growth and development in intervals for these major QTL were predicated. Significant relationships between flag leaf- and yield-related traits were evidenced by analyses of Pearson correlations, conditional QTL and genetic mapping. Taken together, these results provide valuable information for understanding flag leaf size and posture of “ideotype” as well as fine mapping and breeding utilization of promising loci in bread wheat.

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Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31971937 and 31970243), the Key Research and Development Program of Sichuan Province (2018NZDZX0002), the International Science and Technology Cooperation and Exchanges Program of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province (2017HH0076) and the Key Projects of Scientific and Technological Activities for Overseas Students of Sichuan Province. We thank the anonymous referees for critical reading and revising this manuscript.

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  1. Jian Ma and Yang Tu have contributed equally to this paper.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China

    Jian Ma, Yang Tu, Jing Zhu, Wei Luo, Hang Liu, Cong Li, Shuiqin Li, Jiajun Liu, Puyang Ding, Yang Mu, Huaping Tang, Yaxi Liu, Qiantao Jiang, Guoyue Chen, Jirui Wang, Youliang Zheng, Yuming Wei, Houyang Kang & Xiujin Lan

  2. Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China

    Jian Ma, Yang Tu, Jing Zhu, Wei Luo, Hang Liu, Cong Li, Shuiqin Li, Jiajun Liu, Puyang Ding, Yang Mu, Huaping Tang, Yaxi Liu, Qiantao Jiang, Guoyue Chen, Jirui Wang, Youliang Zheng, Yuming Wei, Houyang Kang & Xiujin Lan

  3. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh

    Ahsan Habib

  4. College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China

    Wei Li & Zhien Pu

  5. College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China

    Guangdeng Chen

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  1. Jian Ma
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Contributions

JM designed the experiments, guided the entire study, participated in data analysis, wrote and extensively revised this manuscript. YT performed the research and participated in drafting this manuscript. JZ, WL, HL, CL, SQL, JJL, PYD, AH, YM and HPT participated in phenotype measurement and data analysis. YXL and QTJ YXL assisted with data collection and analysis. GYC, JRW, WL and ZEP performed data processing and QTL analysis. YLZ and YMW discussed results and revised the manuscript. HYK, GDC and XJL participated in data analysis, QTL validation and discussion of results. All authors participated in the research and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jian Ma.

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All experiments and data analyses were conducted in Sichuan. All authors contributed to the study and approved the final version for submission. The manuscript has not been submitted to any other journal.

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Communicated by Ian Mackay.

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Fig. S1

Frequency distributions of flag leaf-related traits (FLL, flag leaf length; FLW, flag leaf width; FLA, flag leaf area; FLR, the ratio of length/width of flag leaf; FLANG, flag leaf angle; FLOA, flag leaf opening angle; FLBA, flag leaf bend angle) using the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) dataset in the 2CN population from ten environments. Solid and dotted arrows represent parent 20828 and CN16, respectively (TIFF 3746 kb)

Fig. S2

Intervals of the eight major quantitative trait loci (QTL) (TIFF 2241 kb)

Fig. S3

The effects of QFll.sicau-5B.3 and QFll.sicau-2D.3 on FLL of the 20828/Chuannong16 (2CN) population. + and - represent lines with and without the positive alleles of the target quantitative trait loci (QTL) based on the flanking markers and the corresponding QTL, respectively. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at 0.01 level. Difference value between a given groups was indicated above the line. (TIFF 1889 kb)

Fig. S4

Validation of QFll.sicau-2D.3, QFlw.sicau-2D and QFla.sicau-2D in three populations with different genetic backgrounds under multiple environments. Effects of QFll.sicau-2D.3 (a), QFlw.sicau-2D (b) and QFla.sicau-2D (c) in three validation populations of 20828/SY95-71 (2SY), 20828/Shumai 51 (2SM) and 20828/Chuanmai 60 (2CM). Blank box represents lines carrying the allele of 20828 and other types of boxes represent lines carrying the alternative alleles in the validation populations. ** Significant at P = 0.01. * Significant at P = 0.05. Differences between the two groups were labeled on top of the environment names. (TIFF 2390 kb)

Fig. S5

Student’s t-test between lines carrying 1BS and 1RS chromosome arms for flag leaf-related traits in the 20828/Chuannong16 (2CN) population. a Student’s t-test between all 1BS (n = 139) and 1RS (n = 34) lines. b Student’s t-test between 1BS and 1RS lines after excluding those carrying the major QTL QFll.sicau-2D.3, QFll.sicau-5B.3, QFlw.sicau-2D, QFlr.sicau-5B, QFla.sicau-2D, QFlang.sicau-4B, QFloa.sicau-2D.1 and QFlba.sicau-2D for flag leaf-related traits based on their flanking markers. Differences between the two groups were labeled on top of the environment names (TIFF 2073 kb)

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Ma, J., Tu, Y., Zhu, J. et al. Flag leaf size and posture of bread wheat: genetic dissection, QTL validation and their relationships with yield-related traits. Theor Appl Genet 133, 297–315 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-019-03458-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-019-03458-2

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