Abstract
The kinematics of turning maneuvers of startled Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus) are presented. All escape responses observed are C-type fast-starts. The position of the center of mass and the moment of inertia of the fish are calculated. The results show that the position of the center of mass is always at 35% of the length of the fish from the head and the position of the center of mass and moment of inertia can be considered unchanged during C-start of Crucian Carp. Hydrodynamic analysis of the C-start is given based on the kinematics data from our experiments. The C-start consists of three stages. In stage 1, the tail fin of fish rapidly flaps in one direction, and a large moment acts on the fish’s body, which rotates around the center of mass with an angular acceleration. In stage 2, the tail fin flaps more slowly in the opposite direction at slower speed, the fish’s body rotates around the center of mass with angular deceleration and the center of mass of the fish moves along an arc. In stage 3, the moment approximately equals zero, the fish’s body stops rotating and the center of mass the moves along a straight line.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Domenici P, Blake R. Review: the kinematics and performance of fish fast-start swimming. Journal of Experimental Biology, 1997, 200: 1165–1178.
Triantafyllou M S, Triantafyllou G S. An efficienct swimming machine. Science of America, 1995, 272: 64–70.
Triantafyllou M S, Triantafyllou G S, Yue K P. Hydrodynamics of fishlike swimming. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 2000, 32: 33–53.
Gray J. Studies in animal locomotion III. The propulsive mechanics of the whiting. Journal of Experimental Biology, 1933, 10: 391–400.
Jayne B, Lauder G. Red and white muscle activity and kinematics of the escape response of bluegill sunfish during swimming. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 1993, A 173: 495–508.
Spierts I, Van Leeuwan J. Kinematics and muscle dynamics of C- and S-starts of Carp (Cyprinus carpiol). Journal of Experimental Biology, 1999, 202: 393–406.
Weihs D. A hydrodynamic analysis of fish turning maneuvers. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series, 1972, B. 182:59–72.
Weihs D. The mechanism of rapid starting of slender fish. Biorheology, 1973, 10: 343–350.
Jing J, Li S, Lu X, Yin X. The kinematic analysis of C-start in Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus). Experimental Mechanics, 2004 (in press).
Jing J, Yin X Z, Lu X Y. Observation and hydrodynamic analysis on fast-start of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). Progress in Natural Science, 2004 (accepted).
Lighthill M. Mathematical biofluid dynamics. Society of Industrial and Applied Mathmatics, Philadelphia, 1975.
Lighthill J. Large-amplitude elongated-body theory of fish locomotion. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1971, B 179: 125–138.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jing, J., Yin, X. & Lu, X. Hydrodynamic analysis of C-start in Crucian Carp. J Bionic Eng 1, 102–107 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03399460
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03399460