Summary
Abnormal temperatures (AT) induce inNicotiana tabacum var.macrophylla irregularities in mitosis and especially in meiosis which lead to numerical chromosome alterations, aneuploid and euploid. They also induce structural chromosome changes.
Among the progeny of treated plants structural and numerical variants of various kinds were found.
By crossing among themselves the extreme variants thus produced, and by further breeding, paying greater attention to the more extreme ones, we obtained a large number of new variants, which behaved quite, differently.
Chiasma formations between normal and structurally changed chromosomes, between partially homologous unchanged, and probably also between non-homologous ones, conditioned secondary structural changes and variations.
Some of the variants are considered from an evolutionary point of view in connexion with the origin of the speciesN. tabacum and its varieties.
The roles of abnormal temperatures and of other factors that induce hereditary variations in nature are discussed.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andrews, F. M. (1905). “The effect of gases on nuclear division.”Ann. Bot., Lond.,19, 521–30.
Atwood, S. (1936). “Tetraploid and aneuploidMellilotus alba resulting from heat treatment.”Amer. J. Bot.23, 674–7.
Belling, J. (1925). “Production of triploid and tetraploid plants.”J. Hered.16, 463–4.
Blakeslee, A. F.,Avery, A. G.,Bergner, A. D.,Satina, S.,Cartledge, J. L. &Buchholz, J. T. (1936, 1937). “Datura investigations.”Ann. Rep. Dir. Dep. Genet. Carneg. Instn, 1935–6, pp. 37–40; 1936–7, pp. 38–44.
Bleier, H. (1930). “Experimentell-cytologische Untersuchungen. I. Einfluss abnormaler Temperatur auf die Reduktionsteilung.”Z. Zellforsch.2, 218–36.
Camara, A. (1935). “Der Einfluss hoher Temperaturen auf die meiotischen Chromosomen derAloe arborescens L.”Rev. Agron.23, 1–26.
Cartledge, J. L., Barton, L. V. &Blakeslee, A. F. (1936). “Heat and moisture as factors in the increased mutation rate fromDatura seeds.”Proc. Amer. phil. Soc.76, 663–85.
Clausen, R. E. (1927). “Interspecific hybridization and the origin of species inNicotiana.”Z. indukt. Abstamm. u. VererbLehre,46, 25.
—— (1928). “Interspecific hybridization of speciesNicotiana.”Verh. V. Int. Kongr. Vererbgswiss. in Berlin, 1927,2, 547–53.
—— (1931). “Inheritance inNicotiana tabacum. XI. The fluted assemblage.”Amer. Nat. 65, 316–31.
—— (1932). “Cytological and genetical features of monosomic derivatives inNicotiana.”Proc. Sixth Int. Congr. Genet. 2, 23–5.
Clausen, R. E. &Mann, M. C. (1924). “Inheritance inNicotiana tabacum. V. The occurrence of haploid plants in interspecific progenies.”Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., Wash.,10, 121–4.
Darlington, C. D. (1937).Recent Advances in Cytology, 2nd ed. London: J. and A. Churchill, Ltd.
Darwin, Ch. (1859).The Origin of Species. London.
-- (1868).The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication. London.
Demoor, J. (1895). “Contribution à l’étude de la physiologie de la cellule (Indépendance functionelle du protoplasma et du noyau).”Arch. Biol., Paris,13, 163–240.
Dorsey, E. (1936). “Induced polyploidy in wheat and rye.”J. Hered.27, 155–60.
Gavaudan, N. (1938). “Mécanisme d’action de la colchicine sur la caryocinèse des vegetaux.”C.R. Soc. Biol., Paris,128, 714–16.
Georgevitsch, P. M. (1910). “Über den Einfluss von extremen Temperaturen auf die Zellen der Wurzelspitze vonGaltonia candicans.”Beih. bot. Zbl.23, 127–36.
Gerassimov, J. J. (1902). “Die Abhängigkeit der Grösse der Zelle von der Menge ihrer Kernmasse.”Z. allg. Physiol.1, 220–58.
Goldschmidt, R. (1929). “Experimentelle Mutation und das Problem der sogenannten Parallel-Induktion.”Biol. Zbl.49, 437–48.
—— (1933). “Some aspects of evolution.”Science,78, 539–47.
Grossmann, E. F. &Smith, T. (1933). “Genic modifications inDrosophila induced by heat irradiation.”Amer. Nat.67, 429–36.
Györffy, B. (1938). “Durch Kolchizinbehandlung erzeugte polyploide Pflanzen.”Naturwissenschaften,26, 547.
Håkansson, A. (1932). “Zytologische Studien an kompaktoiden Typen vonTriticum vulgare.”Hereditas, Lund,17, 155–96.
Hartmann, O. (1918). “Experimentelle Untersuchungen über den Einfluss höherer Temperatur auf Morphologie und Cytologie der Algen.”Arch. EntwMech. Org.44, 590–642.
—— (1919). “Über den Einfluss der Temperatur auf Plasma, Kern und Nucleolus und cytologische Gleichgewichtszustände (Zellphysiologische Experimente an Pflanzen).”Arch. Zellforsch. 15, 177–248.
Heilborn, O. (1930). “Temperatur und Chromosomenkonjugation.”Svensk. bot. Tidskr.24, 12–25.
Heibrunn, L. (1924). “The colloid chemistry of protoplasm. III. The viscosity of protoplasm at various temperatures.”Amer. J. Physiol.68, 645.
-- (1928). “The colloid chemistry of protoplasm.”Protoplasma-Monographien, pp. 1–356. Berlin.
Jollos, V. (1930). “Studien zum Evolutionsproblem. I. Über die experimentelle Hervorrufung und Steigerung von Mutation beiDrosophila melanogaster.”Biol. Zbl.50, 542–54.
—— (1933). “Die Übereinstimmung der beiDrosophila melanogaster nach Hitzeeinwirkung entstehenden Modificationen und Mutationen.”Naturwissenschaften,21, 831–4.
—— (1934). “Inherited changes produced by heat-treatment inDrosophila melanogaster.”Genetica,16, 476–94.
Jørgensen, C. A. (1928). “The experimental formation of heteroploid plants in the genusSolanum.”J. Genet.19, 133–211.
Kendall, J. (1930a). “Histological and cytological studies of stems of plants injected with certain chemicals.” Inaug. Dissert., Sofia Univ., p. 1–40.
Kendall, J. (1930b). “The structure and development of certainEryophyd galls.”Z. Parasitenk.2, 477–501.
Kirnossowa, L. (1936). “Der Einfluss hoher Temperatur auf das Mutieren der ruhenden Embryonen vonCrepis tectorum L. bei konstanter Feuchtigkeit.”Planta,25, 491–501.
Kostoff, D. (1929–30). “Chromosomaberrationen und Genmutationen als Ursache des Saatgutabbaues.”Jahrb. Landw. Fakult., Sofia, Universität,8, 317–23.
-- (1930a). “Degeneration of the pure lines.”Sci. Publ. Bulg. Agric. Soc. (Bulgaria), pp. 1–16.
—— (1930b). “Ontogeny, genetics, and cytology ofNicotiana hybrids.”Genetica,12, 33–139.
—— (1930c). “Protoplasmic viscosity in plants.”Protoplasma,11, 177–95.
—— (1930d). “Chromosomal aberrants and gene mutations inNicotiana obtained by grafting.”J. Genet. 22, 399–418.
—— (1931a). “Heteroploidy inNicotiana tabacum andSolanum melongena caused by fumigation with nicotine sulfate.”Bull. Bulgar. Bot. Soc. (Bulgaria),4, 87–92.
-- (1931b). “Hybrid mutation, chromosome aberration and sterility in pepper (Capsicum).”Minist. Agric. Bulgar. Farming-Econ. Library, no. 42, pp. 1–45.
-- (1931c). “Studies on the sterility in certain fruit trees.”Bulgar. Agric. Soc. Scient. Publ. no. 28, 1–63.
—— (1931d). “A fertile triple hybridNicotiana tabacum × (N. silvestris ×N. Rusbyi).”Amer. J. Bot. 18, 112–13.
-- (1933a). “Cytogenetic studies of the triple fertile hybridNicotiana tabacum × (N. silvestris ×N. Rusbyi)—N. triplex.”Bull. Appl. Bot. Genet. Pl. Breed. (U.S.S.R.). Ser.II, no. 5, 167–205.
—— (1933b). “Virus diseases causing sterility.”Phytopath. Z. 5, 593–602.
—— (1933c). “A contribution to the sterility and the irregularities in the meiotic processes caused by virus disease.”Genetica,15, 103–14.
-- (1934). “Polygenom hybrids experimentally produced.”C.R. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. Repr. pp. 1–6.
—— (1935). “Inheritance of natural immunity in plants with special reference to production of immune varieties by interspecific hybridization.”Ann. Acad. tchécosl. Agric. 10, 389–402.
—— (1935a). “Studies on polyploid plants. VIII. Chromosome conjugation in the haploids and its genetic significance.”C.R. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 1, no. 5, 330–2.
—— (1935b). “On the increase of mutation frequency following interspecific hybridization.”Current Science (India),3, 302–4.
—— (1935c). “Studies on polyploid plants. X. On the so-called constancy of the amphidiploid plants.”C.R. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 1, no. 9, 653–7.
—— (1935d). “Conjugation between morphologically different chromosomes inNicotiana species hybrids.”C.R. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 1, no. 7/8, 558–60.
—— (1936a). “The origin of cultivated tobacco.”Curr. Sci. 4, 872.
—— (1936b). “Virus and genic reactions in morphogenetic and phylogenetic aspects.”Phytopath. Z. 9, 387–405.
-- (1937a). “Cytological studies on certain progenies of the hybridTriticum Timopheevi ×Triticum persicum.”Cytologia, Tokyo, Fujii Jub. vol. pp. 262–72.
—— (1937b). “Formation of a quadrivalent group in a hybrid betweenTriticum vulgare and aTr. vulgare extracted derivative.”Curr. Sci. 5, 537.
Kostoff, D. (1938a). “Heterochromatin, somatic ‘crossing-over’ and the interchange hypothesis between non-homologous chromosomes.”Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. B,8, 11–44.
—— (1938b). “Studies on polyploid plants. XVIII. Cytogenetic studies onNicotiana silvestris ×N. tomentosiformis hybrids and amphidiploids and their bearings on the problem of the origin ofN. tabacum.”C.R. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 18, 459–62.
—— (1938c). “Cytogenetic studies on the origin of the speciesNicotiana tabacum L.”Bul. Cult. Ferm. Tutun. (Bull. Inst. Cult. Ferm. Tabac.),27, 164–71.
—— (1938d). “Studies on polyploid plants. XXI.”J. Genet. 37, 129–209.
—— (1938e). “A contribution to the chromosome structure and behaviour.”Cellule,47, 219–25.
—— (1938f). “changes in the chiasma frequency inPetunia induced by virus disease.”Curr. Sci. 6, 555–6.
—— (1938g). “Irregular meiosis and polyploidy induced by colchicine and acenaphthene.”C.R. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 19, 189–91.
—— (1938h). “Irregularities in the mitosis and polyploidy induced by colchicine and acenaphthene.”Curr. Sci. 6, 549–52.
—— (1938i). “Irregular meiosis and abnormal pollen tube growth induced by acenaphthene.”Curr. Sci. 7, 8–11.
—— (1938j). “Irregular meiosis and mitosis induced by acenaphthene.”Nature, Lond.,141, 1144–5;172, 753.
-- (1938k). “Polyploid plants produced by colchicine and acenaphthene.”Curr. Sci. (in the Press).
Kostoff, D. &Axamitnaja, I. (1935a). “Studies on polyploid plants. IX. Chemical analysis of diploid and their tetraploid plants.”C.R. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S.3/4, 293–7.
—— —— (1935b). “Studies on polyploid plants. VII. Chemical analysis ofF 1 hybrids and their amphidiploids.”C.R. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 1, no. 5, 325–9.
Kostoff, D. &Kendall, J. (1929a). “Studies on the structure and development of certain Cynipid galls.”Biol. Bull. Wood’s Hole,56, 402–59.
—— —— (1929b). “Irregular meiosis inLycium halimifolium Mill. produced by gall mites (Eryophyes).”-J. Genet. 21, 113–15.
—— —— (1930a). “Cytology of Nematode galls onNicotiana roots.”Zbl. Bakt. II Abt.81, 86–91.
—— —— (1930b). “Irregular meiosis inDatura ferox caused byTetranychus telarius.”Genetica,22, 140–4.
—— —— (1931). “Variants and aberrants inNicotiana tabacum obtained experimentally.”Biol. gen. 7, 271–82.
—— —— (1932). “Origin of a tetraploid shoot from the region of a tumor on tomato.”Science,76, 144.
—— —— (1933). “Studies on plant tumors and polyploidy produced by bacteria and other agents.”Arch. Mikrobiol. 4, 487–508.
—— —— (1934). “Studies on polyploid plants. III. Cytogenetics of tetraploid tomatoes.”Gartenbauwiss. 9, 20–44.
Kostoff, D., Kendall, J. &Vassiliev, B. (1933). “A polysomicF1 (Nicotiana Langsdorffii ×N. Sanderae) plant and its progeny.”Bul. Cult. Ferm. Tutun. (Bull. Inst. Cult. Ferm. Tabac.),23, 253–69, pl. Jl./S. 1933, no. 3.
Kostoff, D. &Popoff, I. (1931). “Inheritance of nicotine.”Biol. gen.7, 283–6.
Kozhuchov, Z. A. (1928). “Über experimentelle Chromosomenzahlverdoppelung in den somatischen Zellen mit abnormen Temperaturen.”Angew. Bot.10, 140–8.
Lammerts, W. E. (1932). “Inheritance of monosomics inNicotiana rustica.”Genetics,17, 689–96.
—— (1934). “On the nature of chromosome association inN. tabacum haploids.”Cytologia, Tokyo,6, 38–50.
Leliveld, J. A. (1937). “Voorloopige mededeeling omtrent enkele cytologische gegevens aangaande het geslachtNicotiana L.”Bull. Deli Proefst. Medan-Sumatra, no. 37, 1–32.
Levan, A. (1938). “The effect of colchicine on root mitosis inAllium.”Hereditas, Lund,24, 471–86.
Ludford, R. J. (1936). “The action of toxic substances upon the division of normal and malignant cellsin vitro andin vivo.”Arch. exp. Zellforsch.18, 411–41.
Lundegårdh, H. (1914). “Zur Mechanik der Kernteilung.”Svensk bot. Tidskr.8, 161–80.
Lutkov, A. N. (1937). “On the artificial induction of polyploid gametes by treatment with low temperature and chloroform.”Bull. Appl. Bot. Genet. Pl. Breed. ser.II, no. 7, 127–50.
Maltaux, M. &Massart, J. (1906). “Sur les excitants de la division cellulaire.”Rec. Inst. Bot., Bruxelles,6, 369–421.
Margenot, G. (1938a). “Effets de la colchicine sur la mitose dans les racines d’Allium cepa et d’Hyacinthus orientalis.”C.R. Soc. Biol., Paris,128, 501–4.
—— (1938b). “Hypertrophies des racines produites par la colchicine chez quelques plantes.”C.R. Soc. Biol., Paris,128, 565–8.
Matsuda, H. (1936). “The effect of abnormal temperature upon the pollen formation ofPetunia.”J. Coll. Agric., Tokyo,14, 71–92.
Matsusima, K. (1935). “Chromosome doubling in rice plants treated with high temperature.”Jap. J. Genet.11, 235–7.
Matsuura, H. (1937). “Chromosome studies onTrillium kamtschaticum Pall. V. Abnormal meiotic divisions due to high temperature.”Cytologia, Tokyo, Fujii Jub. Vol., pp. 20–34.
Michaelis, P. (1926). “Über den Einfluss der Kälte auf die Reduktionsteilung vonEpilobium.”Planta,1, 569–82.
Milovidov, P. F. (1932). “Einfluss von Wasser hoher Temperatur auf den Kern der Pflanzenzellen im Lichte der Nuclealreaktion. (Beitrag zur physikalischen Chemie des Zellkernes.)”Protoplasma,17, 32–88.
de Mol, W. E. (1936). “Untersuchungen über den Einfluss der Temperatur auf das Entstehen von Modificationen und Mutationen bei niederländischen Hyazinthenvarietäten.”Gartenbauwiss.10, 263–378.
Müntzing, A., Tometorp, G. &Mundt-Petersen, K. (1936). “Tetraploid barley produced by heat treatment.”Hereditas, Lund,22, 401–6.
Nakamura, M. (1935). “The effect of seasonal high air temperature on the meiosis of the pollen mother cells ofImpatiens balsamia Linn.”Proc. Japan. Ass. Adv. Sci.10, 474–8.
Němec, B. (1901). “Über die Wahrnehmung des Schwerkraftreizes bei den Pflanzen.”Jb. wiss. Bot.36, 80–178.
Nishiyama, I. (1928). “On hybrids betweenTriticum spelta and two dwarf wheat plants with 40 somatic chromosomes.”Bot. Mag., Tokyo,42, 154–77.
—— (1933). “The genetics and cytology of certain cereals. IV. Further studies on fatuoid oats.”Jap. J. Genet. 8, 107–24.
Olmo, H. P. (1935). “Genetical studies of monosomic types ofNicotiana tabacum.”Genetics,20, 286–300.
—— (1936). “Cytological studies of monosomic and derivative types ofNicotiana tabacum.”Cytologia, Tokyo,7, 143–59.
Peto, F. H. (1935). “Association of somatic chromosomes induced by heat and chloral hydrate treatments.”Canad. J. Res.13, 301–14.
—— (1936). “Heat induced tetraploidy in barley.”Canad. J. Res. 14, 445–7.
—— (1937). “Genetical studies on mutants in the progeny of heat-treated barley.”Canad. J. Res. 15, 217–29.
Plough, H. H. (1917). “The effect of temperature on crossing-over inDrosophila.”J. exp. Zool.24, 147–209.
—— (1921). “Further studies on the effect of temperature on crossing-over.”J. exp. Zool. 32, 187–202.
Plough, H. H. &Ives, P. T. (1932). “New evidence of the production of mutations by high temperature, with a critique of the concept of directed mutations.”Proc. 6th Int. Congr. Genet.2, 156–8.
-- -- (1934a). “Mutations and somatic variations induced by high temperature inDrosophila” (Abstract).Amer. Nat. 58.
—— —— (1934b). “Heat induced mutations inDrosophila.”Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., Wash. 20, 268–73.
Popoff, I., Kostoff, D. &Kendall, J. (1931). “The nicotine content in an experimentally obtained tobacco population.”Zemled. Misle.1, 71–4.
Prillieux, E. (1880). “Altérations produits dans les plantes par la culture dans un sol surchauffé.”Ann. sci. nat., ser.VI, Bot.,10, 347–60.
Randolph, L. F. (1932). “Some effects of high temperature on polyploidy and other variations in maize.”Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., Wash.,18, 222–9.
Rokitsky, P. T. (1930). “Über das Hervorrufen erblicher Veränderungen beiDrosophila durch Temperatureinwirkung.”Biol. Zbl.50, 554–66.
Sabline, W. K. (1903). “L’influence des agents externes sur la division des noyaux dans des racines deVicia Faba.”Rev. gen. Bot.15, 481–97.
Sakamura, T. (1920). “Experimentelle Studien über die Zell- und Kernteilung mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Form, Grösse und Zahl der Chromosomen.”J. Coll. Sci. Tokyo,39, art.II, 221 p.
Sakamura, T. &Stow, J. (1926). “Über die experimentell veranlasste Entstehung von keimfähigen Pollenkörnern mit abweichenden Chromosomenzahlen.”Jap. J. Bot.3, 111–37.
Sarana, M. (1930). “Die Verkürzung der Chromosomen unter dem Einfluss der Kälte bei den Getreidepflanzen.” (Ukranian.)Z. Angew. Bot. Charkov,5/6, 15–22.
Sax, K. (1935). “The effect of temperature on nuclear differentiations in microspore development.”J. Arnold Arbor.16, 301–10.
—— (1936). “The experimental production of polyploidy.”J. Arnold Arbor 17, 153–9.
—— (1937). “Effect of variations in temperature on nuclear and cell division inTradescantia.”Amer. J. Bot. 24, 218–25.
Shkvarnikov, P. K. (1936). “The influence of increased temperature on the frequency of chromosomal mutations inCrepis under different conditions of relative humidity of the air.”Biol. Zh.5, 887–94.
—— (1936b). “Der Einfluss erhöhter Temperaturen auf die Mutationsrate beim Weizen.”Biol. Zh. 5, 503–12.
Schrammen, F. L. (1902). “Über die Einwirkung von Temperaturen auf die Zellen des Vegetationspunktes des Sprosses vonVicia Faba” (Diss. Bonn).Verh. Nat. Ver. preuss. Rheinl. Westf.59, 79–98.
Simonet, M. (1938). “De l’obtention de variétés polyploides à grandes fleurs après application de colchicine.”Rev. Hortic., N.S.,26, 159–61.
Simonet, M., Chopinet, R. &Soulijaert, G. (1938). “Sur l’obtention d’unLinum usitatissimum L. tetraploïde après application de colchicine.”C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris,207, 85–7.
Simonet, M. &Dansereau, P. (1938). “Sur plusieurs mutations tétraploïdes dePetunia apparues après traitement à la colchicine.”C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris,206, 1832–4.
Staub, J. (1936). “Untersuchungen zur Physiologie der Meiosis. II.”Z. Bot.36, 1–57.
Stern, C. (1926). “An effect of temperature and age on crossing-over in the first chromosome ofDrosophila melanogaster.”Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., Wash.,12, 530–2.
Stubbe, H. (1932). “Untersuchungen über experimentelle Auslösung von Mutationen beiAntirrhinum majus. III.”Z. indukt. Abstamm.-u. VererbLehre,60, 474–513.
Takagi, E. (1928). “The influence of higher temperature on the reduction division ofP.m.c. ofLychnis Sieboldi.”Sci. Rep. Tôhoku Univ.3, 461–6.
Walker, R. (1938). “The effect of colchicine on somatic cells ofTradescantia paludosa.”J. Arnold Arbor.19, 158–62.
de Wildeman, E. (1891a). “Premières recherches au sujet de l’influence de la température sur la marche, la durée et la fréquence de la caryocinèse du règne végétal.”J. soc. roy. Sci. mat., Bruxelles, pp. 1–27.
—— (1891b). “Recherches au sujet de l’influence de la température sur la marche, la durée et la fréquence de la caryocinèse dans la règne végétal.”Ann. Soc. Belg. Micr. 15, 5–58.
Winkler, H. (1916). “Über die experimentelle Erzeugung von Pflanzen mit abweichenden Chromosomenzahlen.”Z. Bot.8, 417–531.
Yamaha, G. (1927). “Experimentelle zytologische Beiträge. II.”J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sec.III, Bot.2, 215–96.
Additional information
This work was started in 1930 when the senior author was working at Sofia University. It was later continued chiefly at the Tobacco Institute in Krasnodar. Some variants and their hybrids were recently grown at the Academy of Sciences, Institute of Genetics, Moscow.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kostoff, D., Sarana, M. Heritable variations inNicotiana tabacum L. induced by abnormal temperatures, and their evolutionary significance. Journ. of Genetics 37, 499–547 (1939). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02982742
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02982742