Abstract
Section 337 of the U.S. Tariff Act empowers the ITC to order the exclusion of imported products found to infringe a U.S. intellectual property right. The EC and other countries have charged that section 337 and its procedures create discrimination, by offering stronger protection in the U.S. market against infringement by foreign products than by domestic. The EC's policy towards gray market imports has a similar discriminatory flavor. This paper analyzes the economic costs to the home country implicit in such discriminatory protection of intellectual property. Excluding infringing imports when their true costs are lower results in the domestic market being served by higher cost production. Moreover, tolerating infringement by domestic products dilutes the gains accruing to a patent holder when imports are excluded. The upshot is that for plausible assumptions about cost differences internationally and about the scope for domestic infringement, discriminatory exclusion of imports can be an expensive way to protect intellectual property. Other mechanisms can reward innovators in a more efficient manner.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barton, J. (1989), Section 337 and the International Trading System, Mimeo, Law School, Stanford University.
Beath, J. (1990), ‘Models of Technological Competition for the Analysis of Intellectual Property Rights and the Uruguay Round’, Paper presented at CEPR/NBER International Seminar on International Trade, Cambridge, MA.
Dixit, A. (1988), ‘A General Model of R&D Competition and Policy’, RAND Journal of Economics, 19(3), 317–326.
Eaton, J. and Engers, M. (1990), Section 337 and the Global Protection of Intellectual Property, Mimeo, Department of Economics, University of Virginia.
GAO (1986a), U.S. Firms' Views on Customs' Protection of Intellectual Property Rights. United States General Accounting Office NSIAD-86-96.
GAO (1986b), Strengthening Trade Law Protection of Intellectual Property Rights. United States General Accounting Office NSIAD-86-150.
GAO (1987), Strengthening Worldwide Protection of Intellectual Property Rights. United States General Accounting Office NSIAD-87-65.
GATT (1988), Re the Du Pont de Nemours/AKZO Dispute: European Economic Community v. United States of America.
Hirshleifer, J. (1971), ‘The Private and Social Value of Information and the Reward to Inventive Activity’, American Economic Review, 61(4), 561–574.
Hoffman, G. (1989), Curbing International Piracy of Intellectual Property. The Report of the International Piracy Project. The Annenberg Washington Program, Washington DC.
House Report (1987), Process Patent Amendments Act of 1987. Report to Accompany H.R. 1931. House of Representatives, 100th Congress 1st Session, Report 100-60.
Remington, M. (1988), ‘Comments on K mart v. Cartier: Gray Market Trade and EEC Law’, Journal of World Trade, 22, 89–102.
Richardson, M. (1991), ‘Intellectual Property Rights: An International Economics Perspective’, Review of Industrial Organization, this issue.
Scherer, M. and D. Ross (1990), Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, Third Edition, Houghton-Mifflin.
Schwartz, M. (1989), ‘Investments in Oligopoly: Welfare Effects and Tests for Predation’, Oxford Economic Papers, 41, 698–719.
Schwartz, M. (1990); Patent Protection Through Import Restrictions Under Different Standards for Foreign and Domestic Infringers, Mimeo, Department of Economics, Georgetown University.
Simms, J. (1982), ‘Scope of Action Against Unfair Import Trade Practices Under Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930’, Northwestern Journal of Law and Business, 4, 234–322.
Tirole, J. (1988), The Theory of Industrial Organization, MIT Press.
Warren-Boulton, F. (1978), Vertical Control of Markets, Ballinger.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Associate Professor of Economics, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057. For helpful discussions and comments I wish to thank John Barton, Jonathan Eaton, Maxim Engers, David Malueg, and Martin Richardson.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schwartz, M. Patent protection through discriminatory exclusion of imports. Rev Ind Organ 6, 231–246 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00378124
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00378124